Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb...

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Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1

Transcript of Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb...

Page 1: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Chapter 8:The Appendicular

Skeleton

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Page 2: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Appendicular Skeleton

• 126 bones• Consists of limbs and limb girdles

to provide movement1. Pectoral girdle: 4 bones2. Upper limbs: 60 bones3. Pelvic girdle: 2 bones4. Lower limbs: 60 bones

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Page 3: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

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Page 4: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Upper limbs

• Carpal tunnel syndrome– Carpals arranged in two rows of four bones– Creates a U shape enclosed by the flexor

retinaculum (ligament)– All tendons, vessels, and nerves of the hand must

pass through channels between bones and ligaments (no extra space)

– Any inflammation = pressure on nerves leading to pain

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Page 5: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Appendicular Skeleton

• Allows us to move and manipulate objects

• Includes all bones besides axial skeleton:– the limbs – the supportive girdles

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Page 6: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The bones of the pectoral girdle, their functions, and features.

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Page 7: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Pectoral Girdle

Figure 8–2a7

Page 8: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Pectoral Girdle

• Also called the shoulder girdle• Connects the arms to the body • Positions the shoulders• Provides a base for arm movement

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Page 9: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Pectoral Girdle

• Consists of:– 2 clavicles – 2 scapulae

• Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium

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Page 10: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Clavicles

Figure 8–2b, c10

Page 11: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Clavicles

• Also called collarbones• Long, S-shaped bones• Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)• Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)• Costal Tuberosity:

– Attachment for the costoclavicular ligament which articulates with the cartilage of the ribs

• Conoid Tubercle:– Attachment for the conoid ligament which

articulates with the coracoid process of the scapula 11

Page 12: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Scapulae

• Also called shoulder blades• Broad, flat triangles• Articulate with arm and collarbone

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Page 13: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Scapula

• Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa– attachment for the

subscapularis muscle• Function to rotate the

head of the humerus medially (internal rotation)

• Function to draw the humerus forward and downward when the arm is raised

Figure 8–3a13

Page 14: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Structures of the Scapula

• Posterior surface• Supraspinous

fossa– Origin for the

supraspinatus muscle, which abducts (toward midline) the arm at the shoulder

– Origin for the infraspinatus muscle, which adducts that armFigure 8–3c

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Page 15: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Why would a broken clavicle affect the mobility of the scapula?

A. Muscles attach the clavicle to the scapula.

B. Clavicle is attached to the sternum which is attached to the scapula.

C. Clavicle attaches the scapula to the humerus.

D. Clavicle attaches the scapula to the sternum.

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Page 16: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The bones of the upper limbs, their

functions, and features.

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Page 17: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Upper Limbs

• Arms, forearms, wrists, and hands

Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus

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Page 18: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Humerus

• Also called the arm

• The long, upper armbone

• Greater tuberosity– Attachment for

suprasinatus and infrapinatus

• Lesser tuberosity– Attachment for

tendon of subscapularus

Figure 8–418

Page 19: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Humerus• Epicondyle

– Attachment for ligaments of the elbow-joint

– Lateral: tendon of supinator muscle

– Medial: tendon of flexor muscles of the forearm

• Olecranon fossa– Receives process for the

extension of the forearm

• Coronoid fossa– Receives the coronoid

process of the ulna during flexion (joint angle decreases) of the forearm

Figure 8–419

Page 20: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Forearm• Also called the

antebrachium• Consists of 2 long

bones:– ulna (medial)– radius (lateral)

• Radial Tuberosity– Insertion of bicep

brachii

• Ulnar Tuberosity– Insertion of brachialis

• Styloid Process– Muscle attachment for

ulna or radiusFigure 8–5

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Page 21: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The rounded projections on either side of the elbow are

parts of which bone?

A. humerusB. ulnaC. radiusD. both A and B

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Page 22: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Which bone of the forearm is lateral in the anatomical

position?

A. ulnaB. radiusC. scaphoidD. depends on hand position

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Page 23: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Wrist

Figure 8–623

Page 24: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Bill accidentally fractures his first distal phalanx with a

hammer. Which finger is broken?

A. thumbB. small fingerC. ring fingerD. index finger

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Page 25: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The bones of the pelvic girdle, their

functions, and features.

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Page 26: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Pelvic Girdle

• Made up of 2 hipbones (ossa coxae)

• Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement

• Part of the pelvis

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Page 27: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Pelvic Girdle

• 2 os coxae• Note:

– “pelvis” (no anatomical) = pelvic girdle (2 os coxae) + sacrum + coccyx

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Page 28: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Pelvic Girdle

Figure 8–728

Page 29: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Pelvis

Figure 8–829

Page 30: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Pelvis

• Consists of 2 ossa coxae, the sacrum, and the coccyx

• Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

• Obturator Foramen– Opening for nerves and muscles to pass through

• Acetabulum– Head of the femur meets with the pelvis; hip-

joint

• Ischial Tuberosity– Point of insertion for the semimembranosus,

head of biceps femoris, and semitendinosus30

Page 31: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Which three bones make up the os coxae?

A. ilium, ischium, and femurB. ilium, ischium, and pubisC. ilium, acetabulum, and

pubisD. ilium, femur, and pubis

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Page 32: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

When you are seated, which part of the pelvis bears your

body’s weight?

A. obturator foramenB. posterior inferior iliac

spinesC. ischial tuberositiesD. pubic tubercle

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Page 33: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Divisions of the Pelvis

Figure 8–933

Page 34: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Divisions of the Pelvis

• True pelvis:– encloses pelvic cavity– 2 regions:

• Pelvic brim: encloses pelvic inlet • Perineum region: perineal muscles

support organs of pelvic cavity

• False pelvis:– blades of ilium above arcuate line

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Page 35: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The structural and functional differences between the male and

female pelvis.

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Page 36: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis

• Female pelvis:– Smoother and lighter– less prominent muscle and ligament

attachments

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Page 37: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Pelvis Modifications for Childbearing

• Enlarged pelvic outlet• Broad pubic angle (> 100°)• Less curvature of sacrum and

coccyx• Wide, circular pelvic inlet• Broad, low pelvis

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Page 38: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

How is the pelvis of females adapted for childbearing?

A. narrow pubic angleB. greater curvature on

sacrumC. broad, low pelvisD. oval pelvic inlet

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Page 39: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The bones of the lower limbs, their

functions, and features.

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Page 40: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Lower Limbs

• Functions:– weight bearing– motion

Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg

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Page 41: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Bones of the Lower Limbs

• Femur (thigh)• Patella (kneecap)• Tibia and fibula (leg)• Tarsals (ankle)• Metatarsals (foot)• Phalanges (toes)

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Page 42: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Femur• The longest, heaviest bone

Figure 8–1142

Page 43: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Femur

• Trochanters– Greater and lesser trochanters– tendon attachments

• Shaft:– attaches hip muscles

• Epicondyle:– Lateral and Medial epicondyle– Attachments for ligaments of the knee

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Page 44: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Patella

Figure 8–1244

Page 45: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Patella

• Also called the kneecap• A sesamoid bone• Formed within tendon of

quadriceps femoris• Base attaches quadriceps femoris• Apex attaches patellar ligament

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Page 46: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Tibia

Figure 8–1346

Page 47: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Tibia

• Also called the shinbone• Supports body weight• Larger than fibula• Medial to fibula• Tibial Tuberosity

– Attachment for the ligamentum patellae

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Page 48: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Fibula

• Attaches muscles of – feet and toes

• Smaller than tibia• Lateral to tibia

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Page 49: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The fibula neither participates in the knee join nor bears weight. When it

is fractured, however, walking becomes difficult. Why?

A. Fibula helps stabilize the ankle joint.

B. Fibula attaches many leg muscles.

C. Both A and B.D. None of the above.

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Page 50: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The Ankle

• Also called the tarsus:– consists of 7 tarsal

bones• Talus:

– carries weight from tibia across trochlea

• Calcaneus (heel bone):– transfers weight from talus

to ground– attaches Achilles tendon

Figure 8–14a50

Page 51: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Feet: Arches

• Arches transfer weight from 1 part of the foot to another

Figure 8–14b51

Page 52: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

While jumping off the back steps at his house, 10-year-old Joey lands on his

right heel and breaks his foot. Which foot bone is most likely broken?

A. talusB. calcaneusC. navicular boneD. first metatarsal bone

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Page 53: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Which foot bone transmits the weight of the body from the

tibia toward the toes?

A. calcaneusB. navicular boneC. cuboid boneD. talus

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Page 54: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Which foot bone transmits the weight of the body from the

tibia toward the toes?

A. calcaneusB. navicular boneC. cuboid boneD. talus

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Page 55: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

KEY CONCEPT

• Pectoral girdle is highly mobile, stabilized primarily by muscles

• Pelvic girdle is more massive, stronger, and less mobile

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Page 56: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The skeleton reveals significant

information about an individual.

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Page 57: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Studying the Skeleton

• Reveals characteristics:– muscle strength and mass (bone ridges,

bone mass)– medical history (condition of teeth,

healed fractures)– sex and age (bone measurements and

fusion)– body size

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Page 58: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

The skeletal differences between

males and females.

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Page 59: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Male and Female Skeletons

Table 8–159

Page 60: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

How aging affects the skeletal system.

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Page 61: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

Age-Related Skeletal Changes

Table 8–261

Page 62: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Consists of limbs and limb girdles to provide movement 1.Pectoral girdle: 4 bones.

SUMMARY• Components of the:

– appendicular skeleton– pectoral girdle, and relationship to axial

skeleton– upper limbs, and relationship to pectoral girdle

• Components of the:– pelvic girdle, and relationship to axial skeleton– lower limbs, and relationship to pelvic girdle

• Differences between male and female pelvises

• Individual skeletal variations • Effects of aging

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