CHAPTER 8: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT8.1 Support System in Animals

1. Support system in animals is called _____________ or _____________________.2. There are three types of skeletal system:

Tree Map3. Endoskeleton refers to __________ and ________________ that is inside the body of ___________________.

a) The function of endoskeleton:

i. support ___________________________

ii. maintain __________________________

iii. protect _____________________ inside the body

iv. provide place for ______________ to attach themselves

v. enable limbs to ___________

b) Examples of animals:

i. __________________________ii. __________________________

iii. __________________________

4. Exoskeleton consists of one layer of ____________________ derived from substances like calcium carbonate.

a) The function of exoskeleton:

i. support __________________

ii. maintain _________________

iii. protect __________________ from damage

iv. allow _________________

b) Examples of exoskeleton:

i. ________________________

ii. ________________________

iii. ________________________5. Hydrostatic skeleton is formed from _____________________ in space that developed by a muscular system.a) Examples of hydrostatic skeleton:

i. _________________________

ii. _________________________

iii. _________________________

6. Human support system:

a) Endoskeleton in human consists of _________________

b) Human backbone mainly supported by __________________

c) Pelvic girdle is the _______________ bone in human body

7. Generally, skeletal system in animals can be summarized as:

8. Support system of land vertebrate animals:

Examples: ________________, ____________________, _____________________

Entire weight is supported by its ______________________

Skeletal system: _____________ and _______________ than aquatic vertebrate animals Big land animals: ____________ and ___________ pectoral and pelvic girdle to support their body weight

Four-legged animals: Backbone either curve upwards or downwards. Enables backbone to withstand any heavy load acting on the animals.

Birds: Have hollow bones and air spaces inside so that the body is ______________

Advantages of hollow bones: _______________ and require less calcium and phosphorus for its formation9. Support system of aquatic vertebrate animals:

Examples: ________________, _________________

Smaller and _______________ endoskeleton than land vertebrates Most of body weight is supported by _________________ of the water

The buoyancy of the water allows the size of the aquatic vertebrate animals to be ______________ than land vertebrate animals

10. Comparison between the support system of land vertebrate and aquatic vertebrate:Similarities

Have pectoral and pelvic girdle

Vertebrate bones are flexible

Support

Skeleton

Pectoral and pelvic girdle

11. Support system for invertebrates:

Invertebrates are animals that do not have _________________ Its body is supported by: external skeletal system (___________________) and body fluids (___________________________)

Exoskeleton: consists of a layer of _________________ or ___________

Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin: ______________, _____________, ______________, ________________

Examples of invertebrates with hard shell: _______________, _________________

For insects, the exoskeleton is called _____________

Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeable to water) and prevent insects from growing

Hydrostatic skeleton of invertebrates: the body fluids exert a _______________ on their body walls

Examples of hydrostatic skeleton invertebrates: (have soft body) _______________, _______________, ____________________

12. Comparison between the support system of land invertebrate and aquatic invertebrate:Land invertebratesAquatic vertebrates

Support

Skeleton

13. Answer these simple questions:

1 What is the support system of human and land vertebrates? _____________________________________________________________________2 How do aquatic vertebrates support their body weight? _____________________________________________________________________3 What is the support system of cockroach and scorpion (land invertebrates)? _____________________________________________________________________4 What is the support system of earthworm and caterpillar (land invertebrates)? _____________________________________________________________________5 State the types of support system for the following animals.(a) Elephant _______________________________________(b) Eagle _______________________________________(c) Tapeworm _______________________________________(d) Snake _______________________________________(e) Spider _______________________________________(f) Whale ________________________________________8.2 Support System in Plants1. Support systems in plants are different based on the type of plants.

Tree Map

2. Support system in land plants.

Type of support systemPictureExamples

Woody plant Woody tissue

Dense, hard tree trunk

Mostly - tall

Buttress root Support big woody plants from collapsing Holding the ground very well

Clasping root Enable a plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support

Non-woody plantsTurgid cells

Water enters by osmosis, vacuole swells and pushes against the cell wall.

Thorns

Tendrils

Prop roots

Stilt root

Adventitious support roots Grow down from lateral branches, branching in the soil

3. Support system in aquatic plants.Type of support systemPictureExamples

Water buoyancy

Have soft stems with air space and their leaves broad with stomata on the surface It is called air sac

4. Classify the following plants in group based on support systems.

5. Challenge your understanding!

1 What is the support system of woody plants? ______________________________________________________________________2 What is the special structure that supports the rose plants? ______________________________________________________________________3 What is the support system of herbaceous plants such as balsam and mustard? ______________________________________________________________________4 What is the special structure that supports the cucumber plants? ______________________________________________________________________5 State the special structure in aquatic plants that enable them to be supported by the buoyancy of water. ______________________________________________________________________6 Determine the type of plant based on the structure of the stem shown below.__________________________________________