Chapter 8 - Plants
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Transcript of Chapter 8 - Plants
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Ms. Van Sciver’s Grade 7
Chapter 8 - Plants
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Autotrophs – make their own foodMulticellularEukaryotes – have a nucleusCells surrounded by cell walls.
Plants
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Plant Origins
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Obtaining Water•Non vascular – must contact water•Vascular – tubes for water transport
Retaining Water•CuticleTransporting Materials•Non-vascular – diffusion/osmosis•Vascular – tubelike tissue
Land AdaptationsSupport• Rigid cell walls• Vascular tissueReproduction•Gametophyte –•Reproductive cells
• Sporophyte –• Spores
•Zygote – fertilized egg
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Plant Life Cycle
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Low GrowingMaterials transport from cell to cellLive in damp shady placesThin cell walls
Seedless PlantsNon-Vascular - Bryophytes
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Bryophyte Life Cycle
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Non-Vascular - MossesMore than 10,000 speciesGametophyte – green- fuzzy appearing tiny leave like parts Root like structures –
rhizoid
Sporophytestalkcapsule contains
spores
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Non-Vascular - LiverwortsMore than 8,000 speciesFound – moist rocks along streams Gametophyte – “liver” shapedSporophytes – too small to see in umbrella shaped stalk
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Fewer than 100 speciesFound in moist soilSporophytes – slender, horn shaped
Non-Vascular - Hornworts
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• Ferns• Horsetails• Club Mosses• True Vascular
Tissue• Release Spores• Need water for
reproduction
Seedless Plants – Vascular
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• More than 12,000 species
• True Roots, stems, leaves
• Sporophyte• Leaves – Fronds• Spore cases• Gametophytes• Tiny• Grow low to
ground
Ferns
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Fern Life Cycle
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• Few Species alive now
• Needle Like Branches
• grow in circle around joints
• Small leaves • grow flat against
stem• Stem contains Silica
Horsetails
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• Only a few hundred species
• Resembles branch of a pine tree• Ground pine• Grows in spiral around
stem
Club Mosses
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• Have Vascular Tissue• Xylem – carries water and minerals• Phloem – carries food (sugars)• Use Pollen and Seeds to reproduce• Pollen – male reproductive cell• Seeds – embryo, food supply, seed coat
Gymnosperms• Seeds not protected by fruit
Angiosperms• Produce Flowers• Seeds protected by fruit
Seed Plants
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Seed StructureMonocot – one cotyledon (seed leaf)Dicot – 2 cotyledons
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• Seeds must be dispersed to prevent competition
• Water• Sunlight• Minerals• Dispersed by• Wind• Water• Animals
Seed Dispersal
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Needs- correct moisture, correct temperature, correct time – some seeds are dormant first
Germination
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• Tip Covered by a root cap• Protects root during growth• New cells develop behind
root cap• Root hairs• Tiny• Absorb water, minerals• Anchor plant in soil
Roots
• Xylem• Phloem• Fibrous Roots -
spreading• Taproot - deep
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Xylem – carries mineral, waterPhloem – carries foodSupporting Cells
Stems
HerbaceousSoftNo wood
Woody StemsOuter bark – CorkLiving PhloemCambiumLiving XylemSapwoodHardwoodAnnual Rings
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Conduct Photosynthesis
Lose water from stomates during transpiration
Guard cells control amount of water lost
Leaves
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Gymnosperms Ginkgo
ConiferLargest groupCone bearing
Cycadtropical
GnetophyteDeserts, tropical rain forestsCan live 1,000 yrs.
Seed Not Protected by a fruitNeedle like or scale like leavesDeep roots system
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Gymnosperm Reproduction
Pollination pollen - male parts
Fertilization sperm reaches ovule
Seed development
Seed Dispersal
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Produce FlowersSeeds are protected by fruits
Angiosperms
Live almost everywhere
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Flower Parts
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Angiosperm Life Cycle
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Dicots vs. Monocots
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A plant grows toward a stimulus – positiveA plant grows away from a stimulus – negativeTouch – ThigmotropismLight – PhototropismGravity – Gravitropism or Geotropism
Hormones – Auxin – causes cells to lengthen on side away from light. Plant bends toward light.
Tropisms
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• Photoperiodism – response to length of day vs. night.• Critical Night Length • Short Day Plants – Bloom when daylight is shorter
autumn
Seasonal Changes
• Long Day plants – Bloom when daylight is longer – spring and summer
• Day Neutral – No effect
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Perennials• Flower every year• Most have woody steam• some have herbaceous stems• leaves and stems die each winter, but
new are produced in spring.
Life Spans of Angiosperms• Annuals
Complete cycle in one growing season
herbaceous stems• Biennials
Year one – stems, leaves
Year Two – flowers, fruits, seeds