Chapter 8 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces...
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Transcript of Chapter 8 Motivation and Emotion. Motivation The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces...
The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium
A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis
The view that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal that is neither to high nor too low
The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities
The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential
Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats; commonly called blood sugar
Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior
When the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration
in eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food, in general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior
In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied
The hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behaviors
Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance, and weight gain
Hormone manufactured promarily in the hypothalamus that reduces eating behavior and increase metabolism, promoting negative energy balance and weight loss
Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural, or optimal body weight, called the set-point weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism
General model of weight regulation suggesting that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and energy expenditure
A numerical scale indicating adult height in regulation to weight; calculated as:
(704.5 x weight in pounds)
(height in inches)2
A condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the expected psychological response
An eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining
weight, and distorted body self-perception
an eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self
induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or other inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food and prevent weight gain
A proposed category of eating disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge
eating that are not followed by purging
Maslow’s hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical
needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs.
Defined by Maslow as a person’s “full use and explication of talents, capacities and
potentialities.
Edward Deci and Richard Ryan’s theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy,
competence, and relatedness are satisfied
Behavior motivated by the desire to engage in tasks that the person fins inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or
optimally challenging; the desire to do something for its own sake
Behavior motivated by external factors or influences, such as rewards, consequences,
or social expectations
A projective test developed by Henry Murray and his colleagues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways.
A complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavior or expressive response
The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others.
the most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionary determined, and culturally universal.
Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people.
almond shaped cluster of neurons in the brain’s temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear.
technique to detect lies or deception, which uses an EEG to analyze brain waves; determines whether a stimulus is familiar or unfamiliar
The attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman or animals or innate objects
The theory that emotions arise from the simultaneous activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which causes physical arousal, and the cortex, which causes the subjective experience of emotion
The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion
Schacther and Singer’s theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal
Lazarus’s theory that emotions results from the cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect on personal well-being
the degree to which a person is convinced of his or her ability to effectively meet the demands of a particular situation
American physiologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
American psychologist who, along with Richard M. Ryan, developed self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can occur only if the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.
American psychologist and emotion researcher who is best known for his work in classifying basic emotions, analyzing facial expressions, and demonstrating that basic emotions and facial expressions are culturally universal
American psychologist who promoted the cognitive perspective in the study of emotion, proposed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion
American psychologist and a founder of humanistic psychology who developed a hierarchical model of human motivation in which basic needs must be satisfied before people can strive for self-actualization