Chapter 8 : Chapter 8 : Motivation and EmotionMotivation and Emotion

Michael L. FarrisPsychology 101

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Motivation (p. 258-259)Motivation (p. 258-259)

MotivationMotivation is defined as internalinternal mechanisms which begin and maintain behavior.

Motivation refers to the dynamics of behavior; the ways in which our activities are initiated, sustained, and directed.

Primary motivesPrimary motives are based on biological needs (food, water); Secondary motivesSecondary motives are based on learned needs, drives, and goals.

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Taste AversionTaste Aversion

Watch an episode of Fear Factor if you want to develop a taste aversion! ;) If a food causes If a food causes sickness or simply precedes sickness caused sickness or simply precedes sickness caused by something else, a learned by something else, a learned taste aversiontaste aversion (an active dislike for a particular food) may (an active dislike for a particular food) may resultresult.

•There is an example on Coon p. 385 of bait bait shynessshyness (in a classic experiment, coyotes were given lamb tainted with lithium chloride. Coyotes who took the bait became nauseated and vomited. After oneone or two such treatments, they develop bait shyness, a lasting distaste for the tainted food).

(Coon pgs. 384-385, Nevid pgs. 168-169)

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Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia (p. 268-271)Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia (p. 268-271)

• AnorexiaAnorexia is active self-starvationself-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins. 90 to 95% of 90 to 95% of anorexics are women. Anorexics anorexics are women. Anorexics don’t always lose their appetite.don’t always lose their appetite. It is more an issue of controlcontrol than of not being hungry.

• BulimiaBulimia: Excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives. Also known as the “binge-purge binge-purge syndromesyndrome”.

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Anorexia and BulimiaAnorexia and Bulimia Both are serious medical conditions that can

result in malnutrition and even deathdeath. Treatment for anorexiaTreatment for anorexia usually begins with a

medical diet to restore weight and health. Then the client enters counseling to work on the conflicts and family issues that led to weight loss.

For bulimia, behavioral counseling may include self-monitoring of food intake. The urge to vomit can be treated with extinctionextinction training.

A related cognitive-behavioral approachcognitive-behavioral approach focuses on changing the thinking patterns and beliefs about weight and body shape that perpetuate eating disorders.

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Test anxietyTest anxiety A combination of heightened physiological arousal

(nervousness, sweating, pounding heart) and excessive worry.

This combination, worry plus arousal, tends to distract test takers with a rush of upsetting thoughts and feelings.

The most direct antidote for test anxiety is preparationThe most direct antidote for test anxiety is preparation.

Other solutions include over preparation, relaxation, rehearsal, and restructuring thoughts (listing upsetting thoughts one has during exams, then learning to combat their worries with calming, rational replies.)

For more information, please see Coon, page 393.

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Self-ConfidenceSelf-Confidence Belief that one can successfully carry out an activity or reach a goal.

Here are a few ways to increase self confidence (according to Nevid,

p.363, and Coon, p. (p. 394) :

– Set goals that are specific and challenging, but attainable.Set goals that are specific and challenging, but attainable. – Advance in small steps– When you first acquire a skill, your goal should be to make

progress in learning. Later, you can concentrate on improving your performance, compared with other people.

– Get expert instruction to help you master the skill.– Find a skilled model (someone good at the skill) to

emulate.– Get support and encouragement from an observer.– If you fail, regard it as a sign that you need to try

harder, not that you lack ability

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Coon, p. 395-396)Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Coon, p. 395-396) Abraham Maslow’s ordering of needs,

based on their presumed strength or potency. (See illustration on p. 395). What is the correct order of needs in What is the correct order of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy? Maslow’s hierarchy?

Self-Actualization

Esteem

Love and Belonging

Safety

Physiological

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Adrenaline (Coon, p. 398; Adrenaline (Coon, p. 398; Nevid, pgs. 46, 69, & 468)Nevid, pgs. 46, 69, & 468)

A hormonehormone produced by the adrenal

glands that tends to arouse the body.

Many of the physiological change

during emotion are caused by the

hormone adrenaline.

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The Brain and Emotion (p. 278-291)The Brain and Emotion (p. 278-291)

† Emotion is a state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings.

† A common bond between all of the A common bond between all of the theories of emotion described in the theories of emotion described in the text is that they consider physiological text is that they consider physiological arousal an element of emotion.arousal an element of emotion.

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Polygraph (p. 288-289)Polygraph (p. 288-289) ‡ A device for recording heart rate, blood pressure,

respiration, and galvanic skin response (a change in the electrical resistance or conductance of the skin, due to sweating); commonly called a “lie detector”.

¤ The polygraph (“lie detector”) is an unreliableunreliable instrument because

☺Its accuracy depends on the manner in which questions are asked.

† Just being questioned causes one to be nervous and emotional.

≈ It can be “fooled” at times by thinking upsetting thoughts.

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Body Language (Coon, pgs. 405-406)Body Language (Coon, pgs. 405-406) The study of communication through body

movement, posture, gestures, and facial expressions. Also called kinesics.

In body language, likingliking is often communicated by leaning toward a person or object. Crossing the arms and legs may mean “hands off”. However, kinesics experts emphasize the fact that gestures are rarely this fixed in meaning. Crossing one’s arms may simply mean “this room is cold”.

Your chances of detecting deception in other Your chances of detecting deception in other people will be best if you pay attention to their people will be best if you pay attention to their hand movements. (hand movements. (Coon, p. 406Coon, p. 406) )

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Feedback (pgs. 282,286,289)Feedback (pgs. 282,286,289) ☺ Facial feedback hypothesis states

that sensations from facial expressions help define what emotion a person feels.

☺ According to psychologists who According to psychologists who support the feedback hypothesis of support the feedback hypothesis of emotion, if you want to be happy, emotion, if you want to be happy, you should smileyou should smile.