Chapter 8

From Weakness to Strength

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Founding Fathers

Creating a New Government

Establishing a New Nation• Key people in America’s creation are called the

“Founding Fathers”- includes George Washington, Thomas

Jefferson, Benjamin FranklinJohn Adams, James Madison

*Some of these had signed the Declaration of Independence

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star spangled banner

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• Articles of Confederation are first form of U.S. constitution- written during Revolution; Georgia’s Button

Gwinnett helped writeCongress Powers State Powersdeclare war collect state taxesmake treaties print state moneyprint money support state militiasdeliver mail

- each state has one vote in Congress regardless of size

The Articles of Confederation

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• Congress divides western land— Northwest Territory —for settlement

• Becomes Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, bit of Minnesota

• Congress passes Northwest Ordinance in 1787- sets up process for territories to become states- establishes religious freedom, trial by jury;

outlaws slavery• Ordinance becomes blueprint for future territories

and states

The Northwest Ordinance

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National Government Lacks Power

•Under Articles of Confederation, Congress lacked power to:

-enforce laws -Levy taxes -regulate interstate trade

•The Articles required all 13 states to approve change in the Articles.

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• Daniel Shays—Massachusetts farmer, war veteran unable to pay taxes

• In January 1787 leads other angry farmers to seize guns in Springfield

• State troops stop rebellion; Congress lacks resources, power to help

• Congress calls meeting to revise Articles

Shays’s Rebellion

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• Constitutional Convention meets in Pennsylvania, 1787- Georgia sends Abraham Baldwin, William Few• Some want only to revise Articles; some hope to redesign government

• Goal is to balance “individual rights” with power of central government

Delegates to the Convention

Abraham Baldwin

William Few

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• George Washington elected president of Convention

• Discussions kept secret so all can speak freely

Framing the Constitution

• First decision—new government should remain a Democratic Republic:- republic—representatives chosen by people to govern- democratic—government reflects people’s will

Continued . . .

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• Balance of power between large, small states is greatest argument

• Under Articles, Congress has one house• Decide Congress should be bicameral, or have

two houses- House of Representatives —votes based on

state population- Senate —same number of votes for each state

• Bicameral solution called Great Compromise

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Compromises Resolve Disputes

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• Great Compromise creates new issue of how to count people

• Southern states want slaves counted, but not taxed

• Northern states want slaves taxed but not counted

• Three-Fifths Compromise —counts five slaves as three people - applies to taxation and Congressional

representation

The Three-Fifths Compromise

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• Slavery creates new debate—Northern states want it banned

• South disagrees, Decide to reject Constitution if ban passes; compromise reached- Congress will not ban importation of slaves

until 1808• Fourth compromise the Commerce Clause

- allows Congress to collect taxes, control interstate trade

Other Compromises

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Guarantees of Freedoms• James Madison writes the Bill of Rights; first act of

new government- protects citizens against government power- guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press;

trial by jury- does not limit rights not specifically mentioned in

Constitution- becomes first 10 amendments to the Constitution

• Constitution sets up national government; states govern themselves

The Bill of Rights

Quiz1. Which of the following is not a founding father?

-Benjamin Franklin-Thomas Jefferson-James Madison-Daniel Shays

2. Which of the following could Congress “not” do under the Articles of Confederation?-Collect Taxes-Declare War-Print Money-Deliver Mail

3. The ________ became a blueprint for future territories and states.

4. Georgia sent ______ and _____ to the Constitutional Convention in 1787

5. America's government is a ________. (Representatives chosen by the people to reflect their will)

Quiz

6. Bicameral means ________.

7. The two house are _______ and _______.

8. The agreement to move to a bicameral solution to appease the large and small states is referred to as the ________.

9. The _______counted five slaves as three for the purposes of taxation and representation.

10. The _______ was created to protect the rights of the people from the power of the government.

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The Georgia State Constitution

Modeled on National Constitution• Temporary Georgia government writes first state

constitution in 1777 - one-house legislature; John Treutlen is state’s

first governor• New state constitution in 1789 resembles U.S.

Constitution- bicameral legislature, three-branch government- plans local government, county seats, counties

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• Convention held in Augusta, temporary state capital

• Amendment to constitution changed way of electing governors- both houses of legislature to elect governors - legislature will always meet in January

• Louisville, in Jefferson County, named new state capital

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1795 Amendment Convention

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• Georgia land claim: from Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River

• In 1777, Georgia opens new areas for settlement- eastern middle Georgia, Piedmont land in

northeast• Property of Loyalist settlers taken as punishment

to help pay war debt

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Continued . . .

Areas of Settlement Expanded

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• Land distribution method called headright system- head of household—usually white male—has

“right” to land- family entitled to 200 acres plus 50 for each

family member, slave - 1,000-acre limit often raised; war veterans get

larger claim

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The Headright Land Grant System

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• U.S. government makes treaties with Native Americans after war

• Lower Creek gives up land east of Oconee River in 1783 treaty

• Upper Creek, led by Chief Alexander McGillivray, does not agree- kill Backcountry settlers, burn homes, take

livestock (1787–1789)- Georgians respond: burn villages, crops; kill

residents• Natives, whites differ on meaning of “owning”

land

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The Oconee War

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• 1790 Treaty of New York entitles Creeks to lands west of Oconee River

• Many Georgians outraged, ignore treaty; fighting continues for years

• Georgians begin to distrust national government• Frontier settlers build small, protective forts; will not

move from land

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Continued . . .

U.S. Government Agrees With Creek Claims

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• As Georgia grows, headright land grant system not sufficient

• Counties start granting land; problems arise- some corrupt leaders sell bad farmland or land

that does not exist• Yazoo Land Fraud —most widely known land

fraud in U.S.

Continued . . .

Georgia Counties Grant Land

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• Land companies bribe Georgia legislature to secretly sell them western lands at ultra low cost

• Companies buy most of the land, resell to settlers at high price

• Dishonest legislators and companies receive large profits

• Next election, Georgians vote legislators out of office• Georgia voids all sales contracts burns them in Louisville town square

The Act actually gave the land companies the ability to but 35 million acres and pay less than $.02 an acre!

Yazoo Land Fraud

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• Georgia gives land involved in Yazoo fraud to U.S. in Compact of 1802- U.S. pays $1,250,000 for western lands- gives clear title to Georgia land (close to state’s

current boundaries)- promises to remove all Native Americans- northern Georgia belongs to state, not

Cherokee

New Boundaries for Georgia

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• Legislature passes Land Act in 1803, sets up land lottery- lottery open to white adult males, orphans,

widows- citizens buy tickets to win 202.5-acre, farm-

sized plots of land- also can win coastal land plots; larger, but

lower quality • Lottery used 7 times to distribute Creek,

Cherokee land (1805–1832)

Distribution of Creek and Cherokee Lands

Quiz1. Which of the following could Congress “not” do under the Articles of

Confederation?

-Collect Taxes

-Declare War

-Print Money

-Deliver Mail

Georgia sent ______ and _____ to the Constitutional Convention in 1787

3. America's government is a ________. (Representatives chosen by the people to reflect their will)

4. The agreement to move to a bicameral solution to appease the large and small states is referred to as the ________.

5. The _______ was created to protect the rights of the people from the power of the government.

Quiz

6. Georgia’s 1777 constitution was modeled after the __________.

7. Georgia’s two methods for distributing land were the headright system and the ________.

8. The Oconee War was betweeen the ________ Indians and the white settlers in Georgia.

9. __________ was the most widely known land fraud in U.S. (happened in GA).

10. In the Compact of 1802 the U.S. Government agrees to remove all of the _________ from Georgia.

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• Jefferson offers $15 million to French in Louisiana Purchase; U.S. doubles size

• Lewis and Clark expedition explores northern Louisiana Territory after Jefferson sends them to explore theewly acquired territory.

The Louisiana Purchase

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Native Americans Pressured to Leave• White settlers continue to move to northern

Georgia• State leaders want U.S. to remove Native

Americans (Compact of 1802)• U.S. offers free land in West to Native Americans

who leave Georgia• Treaties with Creek from 1817–1819 add land to Georgia,

push border west• Almost all Creek leave Georgia by 1827

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Riches in Georgia Attract More Settlers

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• Gold discovered in Georgia in 1828, gold rush in 1829

• Georgia claims remaining Cherokee land in 1830• Town of Auraria, Latin for “City of Gold”, is gold

production center• Auraria becomes boomtown; has major road,

newspaper, post office• Nearby Dahlonega gets federal mint in 1838

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Gold

Georgia Gold Rush

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• Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson elected president in 1828- from Tennessee, first president from west of

Appalachians - selects “ordinary” men for government,

represents “common man”• Jackson willing to move Native Americans off

land settlers want

Andrew Jackson

University of Georgia

The University of Georgia was chartered as a land grant university in 1784 and is the oldest of its kind

Opened in 1801 as Franklin College and was for all white males only.

Religion in Georgia

Georgia had many churches after the Revolutionary War Quakers, Baptist and Methodist.

Methodist churches were pastored by Circuit Riders who rode from town to town to establish churches and then preach at them once complete.

Early Black Baptist churches were also founded such as the Springfield Baptist Church (free blacks) and Savannah’s First African Baptist Church.

Culminating Activity

Political Cartoons

Culminating Activity (Political Cartoon)

What is a political cartoon and what makes it

interesting or funny?

-A political cartoon takes well known events and makes fun of the situation through satire (a funny but politically serious comment )

.

Political Cartoons

How would you start to create a political cartoon?

List 4 or more things you know about the character or event

How could I apply these things to satire (a funny but

politically serious comment) ?

-Reverse the situation

-Point out the facts in a humourous manner

-Use the picture to emphasize the problem

-Exaggerate the problem

Political Cartoon Example Well known political event:

Micheal Vick dogfighting episode-What we know:-He is a professional athlete-He ran a dogfighting business that was illegal-He would drown, strangle, kill unwanted dogs-He supported a group of friends in the business with him-It ruined his professional “football” career

Why is this funny given the information that we know?

Micheal Vick Political CartoonWhat other cartoons could have been used? Why would they work?

-Micheal Vick applying for a job at the Humane Society

- Micheal Vick wanting to adopt a puppy from the Animal Shelter

-Micheal Vick being dropped from a “Falcon” from high in the air

-Dogs deciding on whether or not to keep Micheal Vick and his friends

Indian and White Settler Land Conflict (Political Cartoon)

What we know:-The white settlers wanted the land for their own

-White settlers believed in personal ownership

-The white settlers believed the Indians were savages

and that they were superior to them

-The white settlers wanted the Indians “Gone”

-The white settlers saw the Indians as something they

could control.

Settlers from Settlers from GeorgiaGeorgia

Indians in

Georgia

1- How do the words spoken by the fox come across as humerous?

2-How does the picture itself point out the problem?

Political Cartoon(White and Indian land conflict)

What other cartoons could have been used? Why would they work?

-Settler kicking Indian out of the bed -Settler kicking Indian out of the bed (wanting (wanting all the room for himself) all the room for himself)

--Indians giving the white settlers a plane Indians giving the white settlers a plane ticket to “ ticket to “anywhere else but hereanywhere else but here””

--Settlers painting all of Georgia “White”Settlers painting all of Georgia “White”

Treaty of New York

IndianLands

A Flock of White Settlers

Alternative Assignment

Political Rap, Poem, or SongHow would you start to create this composition?

-List 4 or more things you know about the character or event

-Use this information in the assignment

-It must use all of these facts in your composition and tell the story completely.

-Must be at least 150 words long

Political Rap, Poem, or Song

Events or Characters that you can use:

Founding Fathers Bill Of Rights or U.S. Constitution Abraham Baldwin and William Few Yazoo Land Fraud Trail of Tears Founding of University of Georgia Georgia Gold Rush Sequoia