Chapter 26 Political Experiments of the 1920s Chapter 26 Political Experiments of the 1920s.
CHAPTER 8, experiments
-
Upload
giselle-avery -
Category
Documents
-
view
47 -
download
0
description
Transcript of CHAPTER 8, experiments
![Page 1: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHAPTER 8, EXPERIMENTS
![Page 2: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter Outline
Topics Appropriate to Experiments The Classical Experiment Selecting Subjects Variations on Experimental Design An Illustration of Experimentation Web-Based Experiments “Natural” Experiments Strengths and Weaknesses of the Experimental
Method Ethics and Experiments Quick Quiz
![Page 3: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Experiments involve: Taking action Observing consequences of that action
![Page 4: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Topics Appropriate to Experiments Well-suited for projects involving limited
and well-defined concepts and propositions. Hypothesis testing Better suited for explanatory than
descriptive Small group interaction
![Page 5: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Classical Experiment
Major Components1. Independent and Dependent Variables2. Pre-testing and Post-testing3. Experimental and Control Groups
![Page 6: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Independent and Dependent Variables Independent – Takes the form of a stimulus
(present or absent), cause
Dependent - Effect
![Page 7: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Pre-testing – The measurement of a dependent variable along subjects.
Post-testing – The measurement of a dependent variable among subjects after they have been exposed to an independent variable.
![Page 8: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Experimental Group – A group of subjects to whom an experimental stimulus is administered.
Control Group – A group of subjects to whom no experimental stimulus is administered and who should resemble the experimental group in all other respects.
![Page 9: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 8.1
![Page 10: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hawthorne Effect
![Page 11: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Double-Blind Experiment – An experimental design in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which is the experimental and which is the control group.
![Page 12: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Selecting Subjects
Role of college students
Generalizability?
![Page 13: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Probability Sampling
Randomization – A technique for assigning experimental subjects to experimental and control groups.
Matching – The procedure whereby pairs of subjects are matched on the basis of their similarities on one or more variables, and one member of the pair is assigned to the experimental group and the other to the control group.
![Page 14: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Figure 8.2
![Page 15: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Variations on Experimental Design Pre-experimental Research Designs
One-shot case study – A single group of subjects is measured on a dependent variable following an experimental stimulus.
One-group pre-test post-test design – A pre-test is added for the experimental group but lacks a control group.
Static-group comparison – Includes experimental and control groups, but no pre-test.
![Page 16: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Figure 8.3
![Page 17: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Validity Issues in Experimental Research Internal Validity – The possibility that the
conclusions drawn from experimental results may not accurately reflect what went on in the experiment itself. Sources: history, maturation, testing,
instrumentation, statistical regression, selection bias, experimental mortality, causal time order, diffusion or imitation of treatments, compensation, compensatory rivalry, demoralization
External Validity – The possibility that conclusions drawn from experimental results may not be generalizable to the “real” world
![Page 18: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Figure 8.4
![Page 19: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 8.5
![Page 20: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
An Illustration of Experimentation Field Experiments
![Page 21: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Web-Based Experiments
Representative samples are not essential…therefore, volunteers may be used.
![Page 22: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
“Natural” Experiments
Experiments that occur outside controlled settings.
![Page 23: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Experimental Method Strengths of Experimental Method
Isolation of experimental variable’s impact over time.
Replication
Weaknesses of Experimental Method Artificiality of laboratory settings
![Page 24: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Quick Quiz
![Page 25: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
1. In the simplest experimental design, subjects are measured in terms of a/n _____ variable exposed to a/n _____ variable.A. pre-test; post-testB. post-test, pre-testC. independent; dependentD. dependent; independent
![Page 26: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Answer: D.In the simplest experimental design, subjects are measured in terms of a dependent variable exposed to an independent variable.
![Page 27: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2. _____ groups are groups of subjects to whom an experimental stimulus is administered.A. ControlB. ExperimentalC. PurposiveD. Pre-test
![Page 28: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Answer: B.Experimental groups are groups of
subjects to whom an experimental stimulus is administered.
![Page 29: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
3. _____ is a technique for assigning experimental subjects to experimental and control groups randomly.A. Nonprobability analysesB. MatchingC. RandomizationD. Controlling
![Page 30: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Answer: C.Randomization is a technique for assigning
experimental subjects to experimental and control groups randomly.
![Page 31: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
4. Experiments are especially well-suited for research projects involving:A. limited conceptsB. well-defined conceptsC. hypothesis testingD. all of the above choices
![Page 32: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Answer: D.Experiments are especially well-suited for
research projects involving limited concepts, well-defined concepts, and hypothesis testing.
![Page 33: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
5. _____ refers to the possibility that the conclusion drawn from experimental results may not accurately reflect what has gone on in the experiment itself.A. ExclusionB. Internal validityC. External validityD. Representativeness
![Page 34: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Answer: B.Internal validity refers to the possibility
that the conclusion drawn from experimental results may not accurately reflect what has gone on in the experiment itself.
![Page 35: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
6. Which of the following is the chief advantage of a controlled experiment?A. They require little time.B. They require little money.C. They are artificial.D. The experimental variable is isolated.
![Page 36: CHAPTER 8, experiments](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56812cd3550346895d918d6a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Answer: D.The isolation of the experimental variable
is the chief advantage of a controlled experiment.