Chapter 8 Energy Balance and Body Composition. Bomb Calorimeter How Do We Know How Much Energy Comes...
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Transcript of Chapter 8 Energy Balance and Body Composition. Bomb Calorimeter How Do We Know How Much Energy Comes...
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ChapterChapter 8 8Energy Balance and Body CompositionEnergy Balance and Body Composition
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BombCalorimeter
How Do We Know How Much Energy Comes From A Food?
Calorimetric Values
versus
Physiological Fuel Values
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Physiological Influences - empty stomach & gastric contractions - absent of nutrients & GI hormones - endorphins (brain’s pleasure compounds)
Cognition Influences - presence of others (social occasions) - perception of hunger or time of day - abundance of food or free food
Hunger
Satiation
Seek Food
ContinueMeal
MealEnds
Postingestive Influences - presence of food triggers stretch receptors - nutrient in intestine elicit hormones such as CCK
Postabsorptive Influences - nutrients in blood signal brain - as nutrients diminish, satiety diminishes and hunger developsSatiety
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Message Central
Hypothalamus - involved in controlling water
balance, regulation of body temperature and appetite control
e.g. Leptin - protein hormone produced by adipose cells - acts on the hypothalamus - promotes negative energy balance by suppressing appetite & increasing energy metabolism
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So we know where Energy Imput comes from but….. Where Does the Energy Go?
Basal Metabolism: - energy to run activities such as:-- maintaining body temperature-- keeping autonomic systems (lungs, heart, kidneys, blood cells production, etc)
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Factors That Affect BMR
- Height - Age and Body Composition - Growth Rates - Fever - Stresses - Environmental temperature - Fasting / Starvation - Malnutrition - Nicotine and Caffeine - Sleep
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©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
BMR(Basal Metabolic Rate)
BMR varies with body size and shape due to surface area
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Factors That Affect BMR
- Height - Age and Body Composition - Growth Rates - Fever - Stresses - Environmental temperature - Fasting / Starvation - Malnutrition - Nicotine and Caffeine - Sleep
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So we know where Energy Imput comes from but….. Where Does the Energy Go?
Physical Activity
Thermic Effect of Food
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BMI (The Body Mass Index)
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BMI values
18.5 25 30
ObeseOverweightHealthy
Underweight
Pounds (without clothes)
Hei
gh
t (w
ith
ou
t sh
oes
)
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Body Compositions Compared
Fat Muscle Bone Organs
% B
od
y M
ass
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Healthy and Obese Body Compositions Compared
% B
od
y M
ass
Fat Muscle Bone Organs
% B
od
y M
ass
Fat Muscle Bone Organs
Women Men
HealthyObese
HealthyObese
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% Body Mass
Mo
rtal
ity
Body Mass Index versus Mortality
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Health Risks Associated with Body Weight and Body Fat
Underweight
- depends on the reason why an individual is underweight
- individuals can be underweight and healthy
- however, often underweight is due to malnutrition, smoking habits, or illness.
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Health Risks Associated with Body Weight and Body Fat
Overweight
- diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and stroke, apnea, osteoarthritis, cancer, and complications during surgery or pregnancy.