Chapter 8: Earthquakes and Earth’s...

Chapter 8: Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior Section 1: What is an Earthquake? I. Earthquakes Group #_____

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A. Focus and Epicenter Group #_____

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B. Faults Group #_____

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II. Cause of Earthquakes Group #_____

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A. Elastic Rebound Hypothesis Group #_____

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B. Aftershocks and Foreshocks Group #_____

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Section 2: Measuring Earthquakes

I. Earthquake Waves Group #_____

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A. Surface Waves Group #_____

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B. Body Waves Group #_____

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II. Locating an Earthquake Group #_____

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A. Earthquake Distance Group #_____

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B. Earthquake Direction Group #_____

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C. Earthquake Zones Group #_____

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II. Measuring Earthquakes Group #_____

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A. Richter Scale Group #_____

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B. Moment Magnitude Group #_____

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C. Modified Mercalli Scale Group #_____

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Section 3: Destruction from Earthquakes

I. Seismic Vibrations Group #_____

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A. Building Design Group #_____

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B. Liquefaction Group #_____

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II. Tsunami Group #_____

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A. Causes of Tsunamis Group #_____

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B. Tsunami Warning System Group #_____

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III. Other Dangers Group #_____

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IV. Predicting Earthquakes Group #_____

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A. Short-Range Predictions Group #_____

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B. Long-Range Forecasts Group #_____

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Section 4: Earth’s Layered Structure

I. Layers Defined by Composition Group #_____

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A. Crust Group #_____

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B. Mantle Group #_____

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C. Core Group #_____

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II. Layers Defined by Physical Properties Group #_____

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A. Lithosphere and Asthenosphere Group #_____

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B. Lower Mantle Group #_____

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C. Inner and Outer Core Group #_____

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III. Discovering Earth’s Layers Group #_____

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IV. Discovering Earth’s Composition Group #_____

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What are 5 effects of Earthquakes? (Pgs. 238 & 239)

Chapter 9: Plate Tectonics Section 1: Continental Drift I. An Idea Before its Time Group #_____

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A. Evidence: The Continental Puzzle Group #_____

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B. Evidence: Matching Fossils Group #_____

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C. Evidence: Rock Types and Structures Group#_____

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D. Evidence: Ancient Climates Group#_____

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II. Rejecting A Hypothesis Group #_____

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A. A New Theory Emerges Group #_____

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Section 2: Plate Tectonics

I. Earth’s Major Plates Group #_____

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II. Types of Plate boundaries Group#______

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A. Divergent boundaries Group #_____

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B. Convergent boundaries Group #_____

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C. Transform fault boundaries Group #_____

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Section 3: Actions at Plate Boundaries Group #_____

I. Divergent boundaries

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A. Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading Group #_____

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B. Continental Rifts Group #_____

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II. Convergent Boundaries Group #_____

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A. Oceanic-Continental Group #_____

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B. Oceanic-Oceanic Group #_____

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C. Continental-Continental Group #_____

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III. Transform Fault Boundaries Group #_____

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Section 4: Testing Plate Tectonics

I. Evidence for Plate Tectonics Group #_____

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A. Paleomagnetism Group #_____

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B. Earthquake Patterns Group #_____

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C. Ocean Drilling Group #_____

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D. Hot Spots Group #_____

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Section 5: Mechanisms of Plate Motion

I. Causes of Plate Motion Group #_____

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A. Slab-Pull and Ridge-Push Group #_____

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B. Mantle Convection Group #_____

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Chapter 8 Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior

Section 8.1 What Is an Earthquake?This section explains what earthquakes and faults are and what causesearthquakes.

Reading StrategyBuilding Vocabulary As you read this section, write a definition foreach vocabulary term in your own words. For more information onthis Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skillsand Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.

1. Circle the letter of the approximate number of major earthquakesthat take place each year.a. about 50 b. about 75c. about 3000 d. about 30,000

EarthquakesMatch each description with its earthquake feature.

Description Earthquake Feature

2. Earth vibration caused by rapid energy release

3. energy that radiates in all directionsfrom the earthquake origin

4. fracture where movement has occurred

5. surface location directly above where an earthquake originates

6. location within Earth where an earthquake originates

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Earth Science Guided Reading and Study Workbook ■ 55

Vocabulary Definition

earthquake a.

b. c.

d. e.

f. g.

a. epicenterb. focusc. seismic waved. faulte. earthquake

Cause of Earthquakes7. Is the following sentence true or false? It was not until after the

1906 San Francisco earthquake was studied that the actual cause ofearthquakes was understood.

8. Complete the flowchart to show the sequence of events that occurwhen rocks are deformed along a fault.

9. The hypothesis states that when rocks aredeformed, they bend and then break, releasing stored energy.

10. What causes most earthquakes?

11. Is the following sentence true or false? Most earthquakes occuralong existing faults.

12. Circle the letter of small Earth movements that occur following amajor earthquake.a. foreshocksb. slippagec. aftershocksd. foci

13. The has been studied more than any otherfault system in the world.

14. What is fault creep?

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Chapter 8 Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior©

Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.


A. Forces in Earth act on rocks

on both sides of a fault.

B.

C. D. Energy is released.

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Section 8.2 Measuring EarthquakesThis section discusses types of seismic waves and how earthquakes are locatedand measured.

Reading StrategyOutlining As you read, fill in the outline with the important ideas inthis section. Use the green headings as the main topics and the blueheadings as subtopics. For more information on this Reading Strategy,see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and ReferenceHandbook at the end of your textbook.

Earthquake Waves1. The figure shows a typical recording of an earthquake. Select the

appropriate letter in the figure that identifies each of the followingtypes of earthquake waves.

surface waveS wave P wave

2. Circle the letter of the name ofthe recording of the three types ofearthquake waves in the figure. a. seismographb. seismogramc. seismic waved. travel-time graph

A BC

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Measuring Earthquakes

I. Earthquake Waves

A. Surface Waves

B.

II.

A.

B.

C.

III.

A.

B.

3. Circle the letter of the type of earthquake wave that shakesparticles at right angles to their direction of travel.a. P waves b. S wavesc. surface waves d. compression waves

Locating an Earthquake4. Is the following sentence true or false? On a seismogram, the

greater the interval is between the arrival of the first P wave andthe first S wave, the greater the distance to the earthquake source.

5. Is the following sentence true or false? You can use travel-timegraphs from two seismographs to find the exact location of anearthquake epicenter.

6. Most major earthquakes occur around the outer edge of theOcean.

7. List the active earthquake areas in the circum-Pacific belt.

Measuring Earthquakes8. What two types of measurements do scientists use to describe

the size of earthquakes?

Match each description with its term related to earthquake measurement.Description Term

9. derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault zone

10. based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram

11. measure of the size of seismic waves or amount of energy released at the earthquake source

12. measure of the amount of earthquake shaking at a location based on damage

13. What is the most widely used measurement for earthquakes?

14. Why is the answer to question 13 the most widely used measurement for earthquakes?

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a. intensityb. magnitudec. Richter scaled. moment magnitude scale

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Section 8.3 Destruction fromEarthquakesThis section discusses damage caused by earthquakes and explains howearthquakes are predicted.

Reading StrategyMonitoring Your Understanding Preview the Key Concepts, topicheadings, vocabulary, and figures in this section. List two things youexpect to learn. After reading, state what you learned about each itemyou listed. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see theReading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook atthe end of your textbook.

Seismic Vibrations1. List three factors that affect the degree of damage that occurs to

structures as a result of earthquakes.

2. Circle the letter of the structure that is least likely to be damaged ina major earthquake.a. steel-frame buildingb. nonflexible wood-frame buildingc. unreinforced stone buildingd. unreinforced brick building

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What I Expect to Learn What I Learned

a. b.

c. d.

Tsunamis4. Complete the table about tsunamis.

5. Is the following sentence true or false? Most earthquakes generatetsunamis.

Other Dangers6. The sinking of the ground caused by earthquake vibrations is

called ground .

7. During an earthquake, violent shaking can cause soil and rockon slopes to fail, resulting in .

Predicting Earthquakes8. Circle the letter of the things that scientists measure along

faults or fractures when predicting future earthquakes. a. temperature of well waterb. building damagec. carbon dioxide emissionsd. radon gas emissions

9. Is the following sentence true or false? Methods used to makeshort-range earthquake predictions have not been successful.

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Scientists are able tomake accurate long-term earthquake predictions based on theirunderstanding of how earthquakes occur.

11. What do scientists call an area along a fault where no earthquakeactivity has occurred for a long time?

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Tsunamis

Definition Causes Areas Protected from Tsunamis by Warning System

a.

b.

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Section 8.4 Earth’s Layered StructureThis section describes Earth’s layers and their composition.

Reading StrategySequencing After you read, complete the sequence of layers inEarth’s interior. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see theReading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook atthe end of your textbook.

Layers Defined by Composition1. Use the figure of Earth’s structure to write the letter(s) that

represents each of the following layers. mantlecontinental crust oceanic crust core

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Earth’s Internal Structure

lithosphere a. b. outer core c.

Dep

th (k

m)

100

200

350–700

AB

2885km

2270km

1216km

C

D

E

F

G

5–40 km

Layers Defined by Physical Properties2. Use the figure of Earth’s structure on the previous page to write

the letter that represents each of the following layers. inner core asthenosphere outer core lithosphere

Match each description with its Earth layer.Description Earth Layer

3. soft, weak rock with some melting

4. liquid iron-nickel alloy thatgenerates Earth’s magnetic field

5. cool, rigid crust and uppermost mantle

6. solid iron-nickel alloy

Discovering Earth’s Layers7. The boundary called the separates the crust

from the mantle.

8. Is the following sentence true or false? Geologists concluded thatthe outer core was liquid because P waves could not travel throughit.

9. Why do P waves bend when they travel into the outer core from the mantle?

Discovering Earth’s CompositionMatch each composition with its Earth layer.

Composition Earth Layer

10. basaltic rock a. continental crust11. granitic rock b. oceanic crust12. similar to stony meteorites c. core13. similar to metallic meteorites d. mantle

14. that collide with Earth provide evidence ofEarth’s inner composition.

15. Is the following sentence true or false? Until the late 1960s,scientists had only seismic evidence they could use to determinethe composition of oceanic crust.

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a. asthenosphereb. inner corec. outer cored. lithosphere

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Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics

Section 9.1 Continental DriftThis section explains the hypothesis of continental drift and the evidencesupporting it.

Reading StrategySummarizing Fill in the table as you read to summarize the evidenceof continental drift. For more information on this Reading Strategy, seethe Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbookat the end of your textbook.

An Idea Before Its Time1. The figure shows Earth’s ancient supercontinent as it appeared

about 300 million years ago, according to Alfred Wegener. Write theletter that represents each of the following present-day continents.

Antarctica Europe and Asia South America IndiaNorth America AfricaAustralia

2. Wegener called Earth’s ancient supercontinent shown in the figure.

A B

DC

E

F

G

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Hypothesis Evidence

Continental Drift a. continental puzzle

b.

c.

d.

Match each example of continental drift with the type of evidence it is.Evidence for

Example Continental Drift

3. Similar mountain chains run through eastern North America and the British Isles.

4. Land areas that show evidence of ancient glaciation are now located near the equator.

5. The Atlantic coastlines of South America and Africa fit together.

6. Remains of Mesosaurus are limited to eastern South America and southern Africa.

7. evidence for continental drift includesseveral fossil organisms found on different landmasses.

8. Is the following sentence true or false? If the continents existed asPangaea, the rocks found in a particular region on one continentshould closely match in age and type those in adjacent positionson the adjoining continent.

Rejecting a Hypothesis9. Circle the letter of an example of one objection that critics had

about Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis.a. Wegener could not provide any evidence to support

continental drift.b. Wegener could not propose a mechanism capable of moving

the continents.c. Wegener’s idea of the mechanism capable of moving the

continents was physically impossible.d. Wegener’s fossil evidence was not accurate.

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Most scientists inWegener’s time supported his continental drift hypothesis.

11. Is the following sentence true or false? Wegener proposed thatduring continental drift, larger continents broke through theoceanic crust.

12. By 1968, data collected about the ocean floor, earthquake activity,and the magnetic field led to a new theory called

.

13. The new theory that replaced Wegener’s hypothesis explainedmost geologic processes, including the formation of

.

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Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics©



a. rock types and structuresb. matching fossilsc. continental puzzled. ancient climates

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Section 9.2 Plate TectonicsThis section discusses plate tectonics, including lithospheric plates and typesof plate boundaries.

Reading StrategyComparing and Contrasting After you read, compare the three typesof plate boundaries by completing the table. For more information onthis Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skillsand Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.

Earth’s Major PlatesMatch each definition with its term.

Definition Term

1. weaker region in the mantle over which Earth’s outer shell lies

2. segments of the lithosphere that move and change shape

3. rigid layer of the uppermost mantle and crust

4. theory that states that the lithosphere is divided into plates that move

5. Earth’s largest plate is the plate.

6. What is one way in which the continental drift hypothesis and the plate tectonic theory differ?

7. Circle the letter of the number of major plates there are on Earth.a. 3 b. 7c. 8 d. 10

8. Is the following sentence true or false? The lithospheric plates moveat about 5 km per year.

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Boundary Type Relative Plate Motion

convergent a.

divergent b.

transform fault c.

a. lithosphereb. platesc. plate tectonicsd. asthenosphere

Types of Plate Boundaries9. Identify each type of plate boundary shown in the figure.

A.B.C.

10. Circle the letter of the type of plate boundary that occurs when a plate of oceanic lithosphereplunges beneath an overridingplate of continental crust. a. divergentb. spreading centerc. convergentd. transform fault

11. Circle the letter of the type of plate boundary that occurs when aplate of continental crust grinds past another plate of continentalcrust. a. divergentb. spreading centerc. convergentd. transform fault

12. Is the following sentence true or false? Each of Earth’s platescontains only one of the three types of plate boundaries.

13. Is the following sentence true or false? Plates shrink and grow inarea.

14. The East African Rift valley is an example of what kind of plateboundary?

15. The San Andreas Fault zone in California is an example of whatkind of plate boundary?

C.

▲

B.

▲

▲

▲

▲

A.

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Section 9.3 Actions at Plate BoundariesThis section discusses seafloor spreading, subduction zone, and transformfault boundaries.

Reading StrategyOutlining Complete the outline. Use the green headings as the maintopics and the blue headings as subtopics. As you read, addsupporting details. For more information on this Reading Strategy, seethe Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbookat the end of your textbook.

Divergent Boundaries1. Is the following sentence true or false? Oceanic lithosphere is

created at divergent boundaries.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? Divergent boundaries onlyoccur on the ocean floor.

Match each definition with its term.Definition Term

3. process by which plate tectonics produces new oceanic lithosphere

4. deep faulted structure found along a divergent boundary

5. elevated seafloor along a divergent boundary

6. Circle the letter of the age of the oldest parts of the ocean floor.

a. 18 million years oldb. 80 million years old c. 180 million years oldd. 180 billion years old

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Actions at Boundaries

I. Divergent Boundaries

A.

B.

II.

A.

B.

C.

III.

a. seafloor spreadingb. rift valleyc. oceanic ridge

Convergent Boundaries7. Select the appropriate letter in the figure that identifies each of the

following features.

Sinking oceanic lithosphere Oceanic crust TrenchContinental volcanic arc Continental lithosphere Continental crust Asthenosphere

8. Circle the letter of the description of a subduction zone. a. where an oceanic plate is forced beneath a second plateb. where an oceanic plate grinds past a second platec. where a continental plate grinds past a second plated. where an oceanic plate moves away from a second plate

9. Newly formed land consisting of an arc-shaped island chain iscalled a(n) .

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Mountains form as a result of a collision between two continental plates.

Transform Fault Boundaries11. What happens at a transform fault boundary?

12. Circle the letter of the example of a transform fault boundary that is NOT locatedin an ocean basin.a. the San Andreas Fault b. the Aleutian Trenchc. the Himalayan mountains d. the Nazca plate

D

A

B

C

E

G

F

Melting

100 km

200 km

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Section 9.4 Testing Plate TectonicsThis section discusses the evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics,including paleomagnetism.

Reading StrategyPredicting Write a prediction of where earthquakes will occur. Afteryou read, if your prediction was incorrect or incomplete, write whereearthquakes actually occur. For more information on this ReadingStrategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills andReference Handbook at the end of your textbook.

Evidence for Plate Tectonics1. has occurred when rocks formed millions of

years ago show the location of the magnetic poles at the time oftheir formation.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? When magnetic mineralgrains in a rock form, they become magnetized in the directionparallel to Earth’s existing magnetic field.

3. Circle the letter of the statement representing some of thestrongest evidence of seafloor spreading. a. Similar fossils are found in North America and Europe.b. Earth’s magnetic filed periodically reverses polarity.c. Strips of alternating polarity lie as mirror images across the

ocean ridges.d. Evidence of glaciation occurs on land in tropical and subtropical

regions.

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Probable Locations Actual Locations

a. b.

4. Circle the letter of the definition of reverse polarity.a. the loss of magnetism by iron-rich mineral grains when heatedb. the gain of magnetism by iron-rich mineral grains when cooledc. what rocks that show the same magnetism as the present

magnetic field haved. what rocks that show the opposite magnetism as the present

magnetic field have 5. New basalt rocks currently forming at the oceanic ridges show

since they become magnetized according tothe present magnetic field.

6. Is the following sentence true or false? The absence of deep-focus earthquakes along the oceanic ridge system is inconsistentwith the theory of plate tectonics.

7. Is the following sentence true or false? Deep-focus earthquakesoccur away from ocean trenches within the slab of lithospheredescending into the mantle.

8. Where do shallow-focus earthquakes occur relative to ocean trenches?

9. Circle the letter of the location of the oldest oceanic crust,according to ocean drilling data. a. at the continental marginsb. at the ridge crestc. between the continental margins and ridge crestd. deep in the asthenosphere

10. Circle the letter of the location of the youngest oceanic crust,according to ocean drilling data.a. at the continental marginsb. at the ridge crestc. between the continental margins and ridge crestd. deep in the asthenosphere

11. A(n) is a volcanic area on a plate where aplume of mantle material rises.

12. Is the following sentence true or false? Both hot spot evidence anddata on the ages of seafloor sediment support the theory of platetectonics.

13. Circle the letter that correctly completes the following sentence.No earthquakes have been recorded belowa. 70 km. b. 700 km. c. 7000 km. d. 70,000 km.

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Section 9.5 Mechanisms of Plate MotionThis section explains what causes plate motion and the role played by unequaldistribution of heat within Earth.

Reading StrategyIdentifying Main Ideas As you read, write the main ideas for eachtopic. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see the Readingand Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end ofyour textbook.

Causes of Plate Motion1. Circle the letter of the basic force that drives plate tectonics.

a. Earth’s magnetic fieldb. convection in the mantlec. tidal influence of the moond. radiation from the sun

2. What happens to the material involved during convection?

3. The motion of matter called results fromconvection.

4. The mechanism called causes oceaniclithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge.

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Topic Main Idea

Slab-pull a.

Ridge-push b.

Mantle convection c.

5. The mechanism that is the primary downward arm of themantle’s convection flow is .

6. Is the following sentence true or false? The upwardly flowing armsin mantle convection consist of mantle plumes of rising hot rock.

7. Select the letter of the figure that shows each of the followingmantle convection models.

Whole-mantle convection model Deep-layer model

8. Circle the letter of the statement that best describes the deep-layermodel.a. Rock magnetism changes as rock layers melt under heat and

pressure.b. Hot oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle, and cold

mantle plumes move heat toward the surface.c. Cold oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle, and hot

mantle plumes move heat toward the surface.d. Heat from Earth’s interior causes layers of convection to slowly

swell and shrink in complex patterns. 9. Circle the letter of the statement that best describes the whole-

mantle convection model.a. Rock magnetism changes as rock layers melt under heat and

pressure.b. Hot oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle, and cold

mantle plumes move heat toward the surface.c. Cold oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle, and hot

mantle plumes move heat toward the surface.d. Heat from Earth’s interior causes layers of convection to slowly

swell and shrink in complex patterns. 10. What causes thermal convection in the mantle?

Volcanictrail

Hotspot

Mantleplume

Oceanic ridge

Core

Upper mantle

660

km

Descendingoceanic plate

Volcanictrail

Hotspot

Risingplume

Oceanic ridge

Core

Lower mantleLower mantle

Upper mantle

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