Chapter 8
description
Transcript of Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
Primate Models for
Human Behavioral Evolution
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Developmental Changes in the Skull of Chimpanzees and Humans
(a) Chimpanzee and (b) Human. Anatomical differences arise through changes in regulatory genes in one or both species.
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Human Origins and Behavior
Primatologists still use nonhuman primate behavior to examine the evolution of human behavior, they also use statistical tests to examine relationships between variables.
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Brain and Body Size
The relationship between body and brain size is the index of encephalization.
Modern humans have a brain size well beyond that expected for a primate of similar body weight.
Allometry, also called scaling; is the differential proportion among various anatomical structures.
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Cortex and Neocortex
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Comparisons of Mammalian Brains
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Language
Human trait. – Some animals go beyond involuntary noise
responses• Vervet monkeys
SymbolicArbitrary
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Language
The bonobo Kanzi, as a youngster, using lexigrams to communicate with human observers.
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Left Lateral View of the Human Brain
Information that is to be used in speech is sent from Wernicke’s area, via a bundle of nerve fibers, to Broca’s area.
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Evolution of Human Language
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Primate Cultural Behavior
Cultural behavior makes primates attractive as models for behavior in early hominids.
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Culture is Learned
(a) This little girl is learning how to use a computer by watching her older sister.
(b) A chimpanzee learns the art of termiting through intense observation.
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Using Tools
Chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea, West Africa, use stones as hammer and anvil to crack oil-palm nuts. The youngster is learning to use stone tools through observation.
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Criteria for Cultural Acts in Other Species
Innovation
Dissemination
Standardization
Durability
Diffusion
Tradition
Nonsubsistence
Naturalness
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Aggressive Interactions
Members of a chimpanzee “border patrol” at Gombe survey their territory from a tree.
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Altruism
Behavior that benefits another while involving some risk to the performaer
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The Primate Continuum
Human brains are larger than primate brains, but the neurological processes are functionally the same.