Chapter 8-4 Tourism Sustainable Development

7/27/2019 Chapter 8-4 Tourism Sustainable Development

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Chapter 8-4

Tourism SustainableDevelopment


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1. Explain the three major economic impacts of tourism on

destination areas and how these impacts are measured2. Describe the strategies to maximize the economic impact of

tourism and how tourisms role in economic developmentcan be analyzed.

3.Discuss the potentially negative social and cultural impactsof tourism on destination areas.

4. Identify the positive social and cultural impacts that mayresult from tourism.

5. Describe the potentially negative environmental impacts of

tourism on destination areas.6. Identify the positive environmental impacts that may result

from tourism.

7. Explain the principles of sustainable tourism development.

Learning Objectives


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Three Major Economic Impacts of Tourism

1. Increasing foreign exchange earnings

2. Increasing income

3. Increasing employment


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Strategies for Maximizing the Economic

Impact of Tourism

1. Encouraging import substitution

2. Implementing incentive programs

3. Dealing with multinational companies


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Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of

Tourism

Damage to family structures and subsistence food

production.

Displacement of local people to make way forairports, resorts, nature reserves, historical and

other attraction sites, and other tourism

development projects.

Encouragement of behaviors such as begging,

touting, and other harassment of visitors.


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Tourism

Encouragement of urbanization and emigration.

Friction and resentment between local people and

visitors because of overcrowding and lack ofaccess for residents to recreational areas and

facilities.

Increase in health risks through diseases such asAIDS, malaria, hepatitis, and influenza.


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Tourism

Increase in drug abuse and prostitution.

Open antagonism and crimes against visitors.

Commercialization of traditional welcome and

hospitality customs.

Loss of cultural identity.

Overcrowding and damage to archaeological andhistorical sites and monuments.


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Positive Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism

May encourage attempts to keep culture and traditions

alive.

Traditional ways and goods may be restored becausevisitors are interested and are willing buyers of these.

Festivals staged for visitors help to keep local cultures alive.


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Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of

Tourism

Changes of land use.

Congestion and air pollution.

Contribution to worldwide environmental problems.

Deterioration and disturbance of the natural

ecology.

Deterioration of archaeological, historical,architectural, and natural sites.


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Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of

Tourism

Impacts of foot traffic.

Pollution of beaches, lakes, rivers, and underground water.

Visual clutter. Insufficient utility service capacities.


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Positive Environmental

Impacts of Tourism

Greater protection of specific ecosystems.

More control of harmful economic activitiessuch as logging and commercial fishing.

Part of visitor expenditures may bereinvested in research and better

conservation programs.Greater understanding among local

residents of environmental issues.


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Principles of

Sustainable Tourism Development

1. Ecological sustainability

2. Social and cultural sustainability

3. Economic sustainability


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Three main principles (McIntyre, 1993):

Ecological sustainability

Social and cultural sustainabilityEconomic sustainability


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14http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html

Economic sustainability

Economic growth

Private profit

Market expansion

Ecological process

Biological diversity

Biological resourcesCarrying capacity

Local self-reliance

Social accountability

Strengthencommunity identity

Conservationism

Deep ecology

Economic Development and

sociocultural protection

Ecological sustainabilitySocial and cultural sustainability

STD


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Ecological Sustainability


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First, prior to departure, tourists purchase travel-relatedclothing and equipment.

Second, when tourists travel long distances to touristdestinations, they create considerable atmosphericpollution and other impacts on the global environment.

Third, upon arrival at the tourist destination, touristsoften continue their accustomed habits of consumption


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high altitude emissions from long distance

air travel

Marine dumping of wastes from cruise ships

little public information is available on the

environmental and social impacts of long

distance travel


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Degradation of local water and soil quality

into a vicious circle

Reduced access by local residents to land,

housing and marine resources


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Green tourism & eco-tourism

Solutions to tourism-related pollution in the traveland tourism industry are technologicallyavailable.

The industry has every opportunity to institutevoluntary initiatives and self-regulation toaddress green tourism advocates and thosecalling for government regulation.

The establishment of formal environmentalmanagement systems (EMSs) in each businessestablishment


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The establishment of waste reduction

programs

Appropriate waste management systems

and infrastructure

National governments and tourism

businesses maintaining


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Green Globe is a globalbenchmarking,certification andmanagement systemthat is based on Agenda21 and principles ofsustainabledevelopment endorsedby 182 Heads of Stateat the United NationsRio de Janeiro EarthSummit. It providescompanies andcommunities with a pathto sustainable travel andtourism.


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a) an architectural concept of a symbiosis of

buildings and nature

b) eco-airport features that seek to preserve

and foster the local eco-system

c) the commitment to co-exist harmoniously

with the surrounding community


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Cultural Sustainablility

----Positive

----Negative


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A better understanding between differentcivilizations

Introduce the local traditions to the world

Achieve the up-to-date theory andtechnology


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Regain the respect of many marginalizedtraditions

Lead many traditions to their 2nd blooming


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Disrupt the original lifestyle.

The different cultural background may result in a

misunderstanding between visitors & local

community.

Leading to the increasing rate of crime, decrease

the public morality.


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Assimilation: Process of assimilating or

being assimilated. (Oxford Advanced LearnersEnglish-Chinese Dictionary)

Vulgarization: Process of becoming vulgar,reduce the profound meanings of traditions.

Commercialization: More and more people

tend to treat traditions with an attitude ofmaking profit.


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According to the USA website: www.MSNBC.com,under the destruction of improper tourism developing,

the Great Wall is disappearing at a daily-growing

speed. Without effective protection, we wont see it in

the next century.
http://www.msnbc.com/http://www.msnbc.com/


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See traditions in the light of development Keep the essence, discard the dross

Treat cultural differences with

acceptanceEducation

Emphasize the importance of treasuringthe heritages

Cultivate experts, protect the historicalsites with up-to-date theory

Balance the development and protection


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Economic Sustainability


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Positive Effects Negative Effects

Increasing foreign

exchange earnings

Leakage

Increasing income Enclave tourism (cruise

line)

Increasing employment Infrastructure costs

Stimulation ofinfrastructure

development

Increase in prices

Economic dependence of

the local community on

tourism

Seasonal character of jobs

Other industry impacts

affecting tourism

(economic crises)


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Encouraging

ImportSubstitution


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Implementing

IncentivePrograms

Financialincentive

Fiscal

incentives

Cause an inflow ofcapital to developthe tourismdestination mix


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Problems &Issues

Incentives are given base onwhat the competition is offering

The capital incentives maybe given whenthere are more extra labors

Program itself may cause somedifficulties or problems

Managers may lose interest in the projector let quality standards run down whentax holiday comes to a close


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A Destination

Should:Examine the performance of other countries

incentive programs in light of their resources

and development objectives

Research the actual needs of investors

Design codes of investment concessions related

to specific development objectives, with precise

requirements of the investors

Establish targets of achievement and periodically

monitor and assess the level of realization of

such targets


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Dealing withMultinationalTourismCompanies

When the tourism has developed , the opportunity hasarisen for the global expansion of large tourismcompanies. These multinational companies have beencriticized for operating to benefit their own profitabilityat the expense of destination areas. And most

multinational tourism companies have their headoffices in the most developed countries. But those kindof companies usually generate lower foreign exchangereceipts than do local hotels


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Limited JobOpportunities

Those multinational companies usually

employ more professional managers ratherthan the local people. But somemanagement contracts say that three to fiveyears the management team must be madeup of locals. At this points , the destination

can really benefit from the foreign ownedcompanies.


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Charter Issue

Visitors prefer to travel by an airline of their

country of origin rather than by the airlineof the destination country for the qualityand safety issue. So sometimes the lease ofaircraft from developed countries isnecessary , especially for developing

countries


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Tour Operators

Tour operators can influence the destination a lot .

So if destination areas become totally dependent onforeign tour operators , they risk losing control oftourism development, and also foreign exchangerevenues may suffer. In addition, by dealing withoperators who specialize in smaller but morespecialized markets, there is more chance that localinbound operators will be used.


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Foreign Currency

Some countries have limited the amount of their owncurrency that visitors can bring into and take out toensure that foreign currency is used to pay billswithin the destination. Some destinations may havesome strict requirements of currency to the visitors.And also some requirements about currencies for theforeign tour operators.


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Coopetition

The definition of coopetition is the need

for cooperation among tourismdestinations in order to better market thetourism product effectively and meet thecompetition at the regional or global level.


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Government

Non-profitBusiness

Coop-etition

Smallcommunity

A

SmallCommunity

B

Co-opetition

Figure1.1 Venn diagram ofgovernment, business andnon-profit coopetition

Figure1.2 Venndiagram of two smallcommunities practicingcoopetition


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EconomicAnalysis

MethodsCost / BenefitAnalysis

Structural Analysis

Satellite NationalAccounting


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Cost /Benefit Analysis-------A technique used to determinewhich economic sector produces the mostbenefit in terms of foreign exchange ,employment , taxes , or income generatedrelative to the costs of development.

Disadvantage: the results of cost/benefit

analysis are too dependent on theappropriateness of its assumptions. It is notpossible to check actual performanceagainst prediction.


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Structural AnalysisAs growth occurs, long-term economicchanges can be tracked through structuralanalysis. There are three different processesmust be studied:

(1) Accumulation processes( investment,government revenue, education)

(2) Resource allocation process( structure ofdomestic demand, production and trade)

(3) Demographic and distribution process( labor allocation , urbanization, demographictransition, income distribution)


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Satellite National Accounting

The World Tourism Organization and World Travel & Tourism

Council support the concept of analyzing tourism through asatellite account for tourism. In essence, this means adding up

the impacts of tourism that have traditionally been allocated to

other economic sectors.


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Meets the needs of present without

compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.

World Commission on Environment

and Development (1987)


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The use of natural resources to support

economic activity without compromising the

environments carrying capacity, which is its

ability to continue producing those economicgoods and services.

Manning and Dougherty (1995)


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Tourism which is developed and maintained in

an area (community, environment) in such a

manner and such a scale that it remains viable

over an indefinite period and does not degradeor alter the environment (human and physical) in

which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits

the successful development and well-being of

other activities and processes.

Butler (1993)


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http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm


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It tries its utmost to maintain the importance oflocal culture and tradition.

It is informatory, as it doesnt only let touristknow about the destinations but also it helpslocals knowing about the culture and civilizationsof tourists.

It is aimed to conserve the resources ofdestinations where one is visiting to.

It seeks deeper involvement of locals, which

provide local people an opportunity and maketheir living.

It stresses pointedly upon integrity of the touristplaces.


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This WTO report recommends that tourismneeds to be developed to satisfy three broadprinciples (Ding and Pigram, 1995):

1. To improve the quality of life of the hostcommunity.

2. To provide a high-quality experience forvisitors.

3. To maintain the quality of environment onwhich both the host community and the visitorsdepend.

McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism Development:

Guide for Local Planners. MadridWorld Tourism Organization.


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Economic viability Local prosperity

Employment quality

Social equity

Visitor fulfillment Local control

Community wellbeing

Cultural richness

Physical integrity

Biological diversity

Resource efficiency

Environmental purity

Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers, in September 2005 released by UNEP and WTO.


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Provinces Central

Government


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Oct. 25.1995, the United Nations released ParisDeclaration: In 21 century, the only way for mankindto survive is to learn the essence from Confucius2500 years ago.

Government--Official members who involve in

policy-setting and planning need to recognize andgive equal consideration to both potential positiveand negative effects of tourism.

Private sectors-- consciously balance the interests

of profit, environment, and social and culture. Community-- Local people must play a key role in

determining the future of tourism in their community.

R f


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McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for LocalPlanners. MadridWorld Tourism Organization.

Manning, E. W., and T. D. Dougherty. 1995. Sustainable tourism:Preserving the golden goose. Cornell Hotel and RestaurantAdministration Quarterly, 36 (2):29-42.

Butler, R. W. 1993. Pre- and Post-Impact Assessment of TourismDevelopment. Tourism research: Critiques and challenges. New York:Routledge. 135-155.

Ding, P., and J. Pigram, 1995. Environmental audits: An emerging

concept in sustainable tourism development. Journal of TourismStudies, 6 (2):2-10. David L . Edgell, Srand R. Todd Haenisch.(1995). Coopetition: Global

Tourism Beyond the Millennium, 2. From NewspaperarticleCoopetition is needed in eastern N.C , The

Daily Reflector, Greenville, North Carolina, 04 November 2004. Robert Christie Mill and Alastair M . Morrison. (2006). The Tourism

System. US: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Yongjin Deng, Folklore-based Tourism, Yunnan University Press Zhaoxiang Ba, National folklore Tourism, Fujian Peoples Publishing

House Xing Xiao, The Development of the Chinese Tourism Resources,

China Travel & Tourism Press

References


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References

http://www.ecoindia.com/sustainable-tourism.html

http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/secturing/sect_ing_destinations_care/_rid/95

95/_mto/3/_wst/maximized?imp_act=imp_step3&page=0 http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html

http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm

http://www.world-tourism.org/

http://www.wttc.org/

http://www.msnbc.com/

http://dlib.cnki.net/kns50/detail.aspx?filename=2007096274.nh&dbname=

CMFD2007 http://www.scribd.com/doc/2931610/ARCHAEOLOGY-TOURISM-

AND-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-

http://www.wttc.org/bin/pdf/temp/progresspriorities05-06.html


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Chapter 8-4 Tourism Sustainable Development

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