Chapter 7Chapter 7Why pursue national interests?

Chapter IssueChapter Issue

How did foreign policy initiatives before, between and during the First and Second World Wars affect nations’ national interests?

DefinitionsDefinitions

National Interests - as a nation’s cultural, economic, political, religious and military goals

Foreign Policy - a course of action that a sovereign nation takes in its conduct with other nation-states or international organizations

NGOsTariffs and TradesTreatiesMilitary ForcesDiplomacy (receiving and sending of diplomats)Foreign Aid

Rhineland - region on both sides of the Rhine River in western Germany, including sections of vineyards and industry

Expansionism - a policy advocating territorial or economic expansion

Imperialism - the domination by a country over another country’s economic, political, or cultural institutions, without the dominating country actually seizing governmental control

Fascism - the exercise of control over virtually all aspects of the nation and its people by its rulers

Lebensraum - ‘living space’ for 80 million Germans in 1933 and therefore deserved to add land to its empire

Appeasement - the policy of avoiding further arguments or war by accepting the conditions or demands of an aggressor

Shaping Foreign Shaping Foreign PoliciesPolicies

Identifying nation’s needs

Relationships with nations that have opposing ideologies

Justifying nation’s needs and goals

Identifying nation’s goals

Relationships with nations that share similar ideologies

Period Leading Up to Period Leading Up to WWIWWI

Nationalist Rivalry

France (Alsace-Lorraine - seized by Germany after Franco-Prussian War)

Russia (Pan-Slavist movement to liberate the Slavs from the tyranny of Austrian/Turkish rule )

Germany (Great-power status)

wanted to wield influence on a global scale

“A Place in the Sun”

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Imperialism

clashes for control over undeveloped countries that had raw materials or were in strategic locations

Militarism

increase military spending and build up armaments

Anglo-German naval rivalry

building of the Dreadnought

Crises in Morocco

cost every major power prestige

resulted in frustration and bitterness

African ImperialismAfrican ImperialismTake up the White Man's burden--

Send forth the best ye breed--

Go bind your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need;

To wait in heavy harness,

On fluttered folk and wild--

Your new-caught, sullen peoples,

Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden--

In patience to abide,

To veil the threat of terror

And check the show of pride;

By open speech and simple,

An hundred times made plain

To seek another's profit,

And work another's gain.

The White Man’s Burden

Rudyard Kipling

1899

Post-ColonialismPost-Colonialism

http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/divdept/sscience/history/devilfish.jpg

Many hands around the world

MilitarismMilitarismMilitarism denoted a rise in military expenditure, an increase in military and naval forces, more influence of the military men upon the policies of the civilian government, and a preference for force as a solution to problems.

Arms Race

After 1871, the war atmosphere engendered by the secret alliances led to an armaments race among the powers.

Conscription

All the Continental European powers had adopted the conscription system since 1870.

Naval Race Between Germany and Britain

Britain and Germany were the chief rivals at sea. Under Admiral Tirpitz, State Secretary of the Imperial Naval Office from 1897, a long-term shipbuilding programme began. The German Navy Law of 1898 increased the German battleships from nine cruisers to twelve.

In 1900 Germany passed a Navy Law which doubled the German battle fleet.

http://www.thecorner.org/hist/wwi/military.htm

Moroccan CrisisMoroccan Crisis

TimelineTimelineCreation of Entente Cordiale (eventually Triple Entente)

King Edward VII (Britain) visited France, acknowledging France’s free hand in Morocco

1905 - First Moroccan Crisis -

Fearing France would try to annex Morocco, Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Tangier and announced his support for the Sultan.

1911 - Second Moroccan (Agadir) Crisis -

With French troops in Morocco, and fearing France would proclaim a protectorate, Germany sent the gunboat 'Panther' to Agadir. Germany backed down after a speech by David Lloyd George. Morocco came under French control in 1912.

 

AlliancesAlliances

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente

Britain, France, and Russia

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History of the BalkansHistory of the BalkansA FURTHER COMPLICATION

Austria-Hungary felt in 1910 that changes were necessary, but neither member of the coalition was willing to grant autonomy to the region or to allow the area to send delegates to its governing assembly or to the other's assembly.

It shoved the voters into three separate electoral colleges, giving proportional representation to the three major religious groups -- the Orthodox Catholics, the Roman Catholics and the Muslims. This division, today, still provides rough edges as the citizens bump into each other trying to find ways to get along without conflict. Bosnia-Hercegovina is the most ethnically diverse of the area's republics, according to census figures.

Consider that one-third of the country's residents are Muslim, one-third are Serbs and one-fifth are Croats. Most Serbs are Orthodox and most Croats are Roman Catholic. With those figures in mind, it is easy to see why the region has historically been ravaged by warfare.

Balkan CrisesBalkan CrisesBoth Russia and Austrian-Hungary were concerned about a revolution in Ottoman Empire (Turkey) (1908)

agreed to call an international conference

However, AH immediately proclaimed their annexation of Serbia and caught Russia flat footed

Remember: Russia is supposed to be the big brother to protect Serbia interests

Both France and Britain tell Russia that they are unwilling to support her in military action

Balkan League (1912) declare independence from Turkey after a war between Ottoman Empire and Italy

Turkey is now driven out of Europe

The Tipping PointThe Tipping PointGavrilo Princip (Bosnian Serb) killed Archduke Ferdinand (heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne)

Gavrilo belonged to Young Bosnia -a group that wanted independence from Austria-Hungary

this event created a domino affect

AH declared war on Serbia

Russia rushed to defend Serbia

Germany declared its intention to stand by its ally (AH)

World War OneWorld War One

WWI SummaryWWI SummarySchlieffen Plan - launch a quick strike against France by going through Belgium (violating a treaty of neutrality)

* Germany only had one battle

plan* Originally written in 1897, presented in 1905 and

revisedin 1906

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Post-World War OnePost-World War Onethe trenches

it dwarfed anything from the past. They weren’t all flooded, muddy and under constant attack, but they are the iconic image of the Western Front

gas and weapons of destruction

tanks, air forces and, most notoriously, poisoned gas used by all sides in the Western and Eastern Front

Poison GasPoison Gas

ConclusionConclusionThe Great War

59 million troops were mobilized

8 million killed

29 million injured

Economic

European economies wrecked each other while passing on their wealth to the emerging USA

Nationalism

Creation of new nations and the destruction of old empires

New configuration of European powers

Shaping the Treaty of Shaping the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Purpose was to establish the conditions for stable and lasting peace in which various sides feel their interests are sufficiently addressed

Woodrow Wilson outlined a blueprint for peace in Europe

The program was known as the Fourteen Points

Creation of the League of Nations

Free Trade

Open Agreements

Self-determination

Protection of Human Rights

The Big Four - Brief The Big Four - Brief OutlineOutline

Britain - make Germany pay for damages incurred because of war

France - clearly wanted revenge. Cripple Germany to ensure it was impossible to wage another war

USA - hoped to create a humane treaty with Germany

Italy - land was promised if they joined the Triple Entente

Lloyd George

Woodrow Wilson

ClemenceauOrlando

Peace Terms

Big Four Pills

Germany

You’ve got to swallow it whether you like it or not!

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of VersaillesGermany’s army reduced to 100,000 men

Germany’s navy reduced and no submarines

No German air force whatsoever

Germany lost all colonies in Africa, China and islands in the Pacific Ocean

The Rhineland was to be demilitarized

Anschluss (union) with Austria was forbidden

Germany had to recognize new countries of Poland and Czechoslovakia

Alsace-Lorraine was to be returned to France

Germany had to sign Article 231 (the guilt clause), which stated the Germany and her allies were responsible for outbreak of WWI

German IssuesGerman Issues

http://www.johndclare.net/images/map%20of%20versailles.jpg

Post War IssuesPost War IssuesReparations Commission - Germany had to pay 33 billion USD in reparations for death and damages

this would roughly equal 451 billion USD in 2007

Eventually they paid 713 million USD of that total

American aid to Germany began in 1924 (the Dawes Plan and Young Plan)

USA loaned money to Germany so they could pay France, Britain and other Allies

really they were financing their own goods and services abroad

JapanJapan

Meiji Period (1868-1912) - new ideas flooded into Japan and rapid industrialization occurred

new demand for resources to fuel growth

First Sino-Japanese War (1894) - tensions regarding Korea

China agreed to pay a large indemnity and handed over Korea/Taiwan to Japan

Japanese Japanese ExpansionismExpansionism

Industrial Revolution (18-19th Centuries) greatly changed Europe and North America

In contrast, Japan remained isolated

1853 - 1900 Japan swiftly changed from a feudal, agricultural based society to an industrialized one

emulate foreign policies of the USA and European nations

Japanese ImperialismJapanese ImperialismThey believed they had a right to colonize in the Pacific

liberate other Asian nations from European and American domination

Britain - Malaya and Singapore

French - Indo-China

Dutch - East Indies

Americans - Philippines

Greater East Asia Co-Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity SphereProsperity Sphere

1931 - Manchuria (Northern province of China)

in response to Great Depression

Japan grew to 70 million and was no longer self-sufficient in food production

Dependent on International Trade - needed resources of iron ore, coal and arable land

Japanese PropagandaJapanese PropagandaJapanese-built South Manchurian Railroad

bombed; some believe the attack was staged

pretext for a full-scale invasion of Manchuria

1932, renamed the province, Manchukuo

League of Nations

sent a commission to investigate and concluded that Japan was the aggressor

no consequences followed - BR, FR, LofN were preoccupied with the effects of the Depression

Japanese ConclusionsJapanese Conclusions

Dropped out of the League (1937) and attacked China

USA put pressure for Japan to withdraw

They had plans to attack other regions

Ultimately this aggression meant conflict with the US

The watchdog of world peace had no teeth

Opened possible aggression of Germany and Italy

ItalyItalyEntered the “Scramble for Africa” late

Possessed Libya, Eritrea, and Somaliland

Benito Mussolini (came to power - 1922)

cultivate the idea of a neo-Roman empire

WWI - cost millions of dollars

rampant inflation

decreased trade

high unemployment

Italy - Treaty of Italy - Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Wronged by the outcomes

Dalmatia coast was given to the new nation of Yugoslavia

Mussolini thought the pursuit of colonies overseas would bring prestige, wealth and prosperity

Mediterranean Sea - “our sea” and dreamed of colonies throughout Africa and the Middle East

Italian ImperialismItalian ImperialismAbyssinia (1935)

Mussolini tried to unify Eritrea and Somaliland by conquering Abyssinia (now Ethiopia)

Contained farmland, coal, iron ore, copper, and gold

Used mustard gas - even though Italy signed the Geneva Protocol (1925)

League of Nations

Britain could have closed Suez Canal to Italian warships

Issued condemnation/embargo but USA filled in the gap and supplied the fuel that Italy needed

Confirmed the weakness of the International Community