Chapter 7

The Strategic Use of Values in Policy Making and Administration

Approaches to Management 1- MBO

Management By Objectives

An approach to program or policy management that defines short and long term objectives

and keeps a record of actual program results to determine effectiveness.

2- ODOrganizational Development

A process for increasing an organization’s effectiveness by stressing that maximum

effectiveness is achieved by integrating an individual’s desire for personal growth with

organizational goals.

3- OROperations research

A management technique that stresses efficiency by maximizing some “payoff”

function clearly within the goals being sought; comes into play only after value choices have

been made; relies on the use of probability theory, queuing techniques, and

mathematical model building to allocate and use resources within a designated

subsystem.

4- PERTProgram Evaluation and Review Technique

It is an analytical management tool that maps out a series of steps to carry out a program. It is sometimes referred to as the “critical path

method CPM”*.* an analytical management that seeks the path with the

smallest margin of extra resources with which to complete all assigned program activities.

5- QCQuality Circles

A small group of three to fifteen workers who work in the same unit and meet regularly to discuss, analyze, and solve problems that

they experience on the job and affects their work.

6- TQMTotal Quality Management

Involves a new phase in management techniques for quality control. In its most expanded sense, it involves a total and

continuing concern for quality in the production of goods and services. TQM seeks

organizational performance at an optimal level.