Chapter 7Chapter 7

Review and DiscussionReview and Discussion

Ancient IndiaAncient India

GaneshaGanesha

Hinduism is generally regarded as the world's oldest organized religion

Roots of HinduismRoots of Hinduism• Who’s the founder?Who’s the founder?• No original founder No original founder • Grew out of early Aryan

beliefs in multiple Gods. • Is there a sacred text?Is there a sacred text?• Beliefs come from the Vedas Beliefs come from the Vedas

and other Indian epics, and other Indian epics, poems and songspoems and songs

Each believer sees Brahman differently

Polytheistic or monotheistic ?Polytheistic or monotheistic ?

Hinduism is sometimes called a Hinduism is sometimes called a polytheistic religion, but strictly speaking, polytheistic religion, but strictly speaking, this is not entirely accurate. this is not entirely accurate.

Hinduism believes in One GodHinduism believes in One God (Brahman) (Brahman), , but recognizes that the One God can but recognizes that the One God can appear to humans in multiple names and appear to humans in multiple names and forms forms

Three most important gods:Three most important gods:Brahma-the CreatorBrahma-the CreatorVishnu-the preserverVishnu-the preserverShiva-the destroyerShiva-the destroyer

Characteristic of godsCharacteristic of godsEach god Each god

represents a represents a characteristic of characteristic of BrahmaBrahmann. .

How many gods exist?

As many as 330 million gods

BrahmaBrahmann the Creator the Creatorgod of knowledge & intellectgod of knowledge & intellect

ReincarnationReincarnation• What’s the ultimate goal

of existence?• to achieve moksha, or

union with Brahman. • What is reincarnation?• the soul (atman) passes

through many lifetimes: before it finally achieves moksha

Methods to Achieve Moksha:Methods to Achieve Moksha:KarmaKarma

• Explain Karma Explain Karma • the lifetime actions the lifetime actions

that affect a person’s that affect a person’s fate fate

• Good choices leads to Good choices leads to higher rebirth higher rebirth

• Bad choices leads to Bad choices leads to lower birth maybe a rat lower birth maybe a rat or an ant or an ant

Methods to Achieve Moksha

• AhimsaAhimsa??

• Promote Promote nonviolence nonviolence toward all toward all living thingsliving things

Methods to Achieve Moksha

• What is Dharma?What is Dharma?• Follow the Follow the

religious & moral religious & moral duties of your duties of your varna or caste varna or caste

• Code of conduct Code of conduct for each castefor each caste

HarijanHarijan "outside" the caste system"outside" the caste system

(once known as "untouchables") (once known as "untouchables")

The “Untouchables” The “Untouchables” were thought to be were thought to be dirty and un-pure. dirty and un-pure.

There jobs consisted There jobs consisted of cleaning the of cleaning the sewers and digging sewers and digging gravesgraves

Represented about Represented about 20% of the population20% of the population

Effects of the CasteEffects of the Caste: Duty: DutyEnsured social orderEnsured social order. .

How?How?Caste rules governed Caste rules governed

every aspect of life: every aspect of life: clothes, foods, friendship, clothes, foods, friendship, marriage, job, marriage, job, neighborhood and neighborhood and educationeducation

Law of Karma determined Law of Karma determined castecaste

It gave people a sIt gave people a sense of ense of identityidentity

HinduismHinduism

• What does the red dot represent?

• symbolizes the mark of the supreme being and identifies you as Hindu.

Hinduism Hinduism TodayToday

• 33rdrd largest religion in largest religion in the worldthe world

• Estimated I billion Estimated I billion Hindus in the world. Hindus in the world.

• Mostly live in India Mostly live in India and Nepal.and Nepal.

India’s Caste SystemIndia’s Caste SystemStill Alive Today!Still Alive Today!

• Though the castes system is now illegal by Indian law - its “duties” still remain a strong social influence.

• There are very few who will ignore the “duties” but if it happens it is generally in the urban areas.

India’s Caste SystemIndia’s Caste SystemStill Alive Today!Still Alive Today!

“They died for love…” • In 2002, two teenagers (16 & 17) killed

by their father and brother for “dating” outside their caste!

• Another young female teen in 2000 was hung in public display for her young male lover to see what happens when you venture outside your caste!

• None of these were give a proper Hindu funeral, all of the family members and the village ignored this key Hindu teaching.

Rise of Buddhism

• Many Hindus grew dissatisfied with religion looking for more spirituality.

Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama• Born around 566

BCE • Founder of Founder of

Buddhism Buddhism • Grew up an Indian

prince surrounded by wealth and luxury

• Saddened by Saddened by amount of suffering amount of suffering by people. by people.

Enlightenment Comes: The Bodhi Tree Experience

“Enlightened after forty-nine days of deep meditation and fasting

• Siddhartha became the enlightened one, “Buddha” and discovered the Four Nobles Truths:

Buddha: The Enlightened Buddha: The Enlightened OneOne

“Four Noble Truths”:

1. All life is full of suffering 1. All life is full of suffering

2. The cause of suffering is2. The cause of suffering is wrong desires like wealth wrong desires like wealth and power and power

3. The only cure for suffering 3. The only cure for suffering is is to overcome desire to overcome desire

4. The way overcome is by 4. The way overcome is by

following the “Noble Eight-following the “Noble Eight-fold Path.”fold Path.”

The Teachings of the The Teachings of the BuddhaBuddha

•It is important to live a moral life. •Enlightenment is achieved through meditation.

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The Teachings of the The Teachings of the BuddhaBuddha

• What is the ultimate goal?•reach nirvana, or union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth. • Life is no longer filled with suffering and pain!

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Spread of BuddhismSpread of Buddhism

How Buddhism Spread from India to East Asia

Spread of BuddhismSpread of Buddhism•How did Buddhism Spread? •Missionaries and Traders helped to spread Buddhism across India to many parts of Asia. •Two largest groups of Buddhists are the Mahayana and Theravada

Theravada Vs. MahayanaTheravada Vs. Mahayana Theravada “way of the elders”Theravada “way of the elders” Southeast Asia (parts of southwest China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Southeast Asia (parts of southwest China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar,

Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand) and parts of Vietnam Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand) and parts of Vietnam Follow the original teachings of BuddhismFollow the original teachings of Buddhism Buddha was a great teacher not a god and individuals could reach Buddha was a great teacher not a god and individuals could reach

enlightenment through his teachingsenlightenment through his teachings the bodhisattva is seen as seeking enlightenment so that, once awakened, the bodhisattva is seen as seeking enlightenment so that, once awakened,

he may efficiently aid other beings with the expertise of supreme wisdom he may efficiently aid other beings with the expertise of supreme wisdom Mahayana “large vehicleMahayana “large vehicle Practiced in Japan, Korea, China, Mongolia, Tibet and NepalPracticed in Japan, Korea, China, Mongolia, Tibet and Nepal Buddha was a god and pay homage to Buddha like deities who came in the Buddha was a god and pay homage to Buddha like deities who came in the

form of men and believe they can be saved by the faith in these godsform of men and believe they can be saved by the faith in these gods Allowed for a broader interpretation of the teachings of Buddhism because Allowed for a broader interpretation of the teachings of Buddhism because

Buddha had not provided for all the answersBuddha had not provided for all the answers Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism Believe in simplicity, harmony, and tranquilityBelieve in simplicity, harmony, and tranquility Enlightenment comes from deep meditation and revelationEnlightenment comes from deep meditation and revelation Bodhisattva is one who delays his own final and complete enlightenment in Bodhisattva is one who delays his own final and complete enlightenment in

order to save all sentient beings out of his enormous compassion. He is on a order to save all sentient beings out of his enormous compassion. He is on a mission to liberate all sentient beings, and only then will he rest and mission to liberate all sentient beings, and only then will he rest and complete his own enlightenment. complete his own enlightenment.

Jainism Jainism Who is the founder?Who is the founder? Mahavira (540-468 BCE)Mahavira (540-468 BCE) What did it emphasize?What did it emphasize? the holiness of all living beings the holiness of all living beings and went into extremes and went into extremes

to not kill anything to not kill anything ExtremistExtremistwent naked and starved themselves to deathwent naked and starved themselves to deathLess extreme Less extreme devoted themselves to commerce and banking devoted themselves to commerce and banking

and avoided agricultureand avoided agriculture

Jainism VS. BuddhismJainism VS. Buddhism SimilaritiesSimilarities provided alternatives to Vedic religion and the provided alternatives to Vedic religion and the

authority of the Brahmin priests. authority of the Brahmin priests. Offered anOffered an alternative path to salvation through alternative path to salvation through

individual inquiry into the nature of the self individual inquiry into the nature of the self FFocusocuseded on the individual on the individual and rejected the caste and rejected the caste

systemsystem Difference (Buddhist)Difference (Buddhist) rejected Jainist asceticism (self-denying) and chose a rejected Jainist asceticism (self-denying) and chose a

more popular “Middle Path” of moderation. more popular “Middle Path” of moderation. rejected the emphasis on gods of other religions rejected the emphasis on gods of other religions EEmphasimphasized zed minimizing desire and minimizing desire and went went searchsearchinging for for

spiritual truth spiritual truth offered the possibility of escape from the eternal cycle offered the possibility of escape from the eternal cycle

of reincarnations. of reincarnations.

Empires of India2

Maurya rulers created a strong central Maurya rulers created a strong central government. These rulers:government. These rulers:

The Maurya EmpireThe Maurya Empire

• supervised the building of roads and harbors.

• collected taxes and managed state-owned factories.

• created royal courts.

Maurya rulers created a strong central Maurya rulers created a strong central government. These rulers:government. These rulers:

The Maurya EmpireThe Maurya Empire

• created a secret police force to report on corruption, crime, and dissent, or opposing ideas.

• trained warriors to guard the royal palace.

Asoka - The Most Honored Asoka - The Most Honored KingKing

Became emperor in 268 B.C.Became emperor in 268 B.C.EEConverted to Buddhism and rejected violenceConverted to Buddhism and rejected violenceHelp his people “his children” by making roads Help his people “his children” by making roads

and planting treesand planting treesPromoted Buddhism but preached tolerance Promoted Buddhism but preached tolerance

of other religionsof other religions

Mauryan Empire. (324 -184 B.C.E)Mauryan Empire. (324 -184 B.C.E)

The Mauryan Empire The Mauryan Empire overcame natural and geographic obstacles, as well as India’s overcame natural and geographic obstacles, as well as India’s

complex social hierarchy, to politically unify India. complex social hierarchy, to politically unify India. LegacyLegacy The Mauryan Empire’s longest-lasting impact was to expedite The Mauryan Empire’s longest-lasting impact was to expedite

the formation of a common Indian civilization. the formation of a common Indian civilization. Particularly important was the conversion of the Mauryan ruler Particularly important was the conversion of the Mauryan ruler

Ashoka to Buddhism, resulting in the spread of Buddhist Ashoka to Buddhism, resulting in the spread of Buddhist influence. influence.

Even after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, there continued Even after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, there continued to be economic, cultural, and intellectual development that was to be economic, cultural, and intellectual development that was at least partially due to Mauryan rule.at least partially due to Mauryan rule.

The Guptas 320 The Guptas 320 –– 550 550 C C..EE..Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a period of great cultural achievement. period of great cultural achievement. “Golden Age”“Golden Age”

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Learning… Scholars taught many subjects at Hindu and Buddhist schools.

The Golden Age of the The Golden Age of the GuptasGuptas

Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a period of great cultural achievement.period of great cultural achievement.

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Medicine… Doctors treated illnesses with herbs, performed surgery, set broken bones, and vaccinated against smallpox.

The Golden Age of the The Golden Age of the GuptasGuptas

Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a period of great cultural achievement.period of great cultural achievement.

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Mathematics… Mathematicians invented system of numbers we use today and developed decimal system and concept of zero.

The Golden Age of the The Golden Age of the GuptasGuptas

Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a period of great cultural achievement.period of great cultural achievement.

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Architecture… Builders designed magnificent stone temples and dome-shaped shrines called stupas.

Family LifeFamily Life• The ideal was the joint family, in which extended

family all lived under one roof.• The family was patriarchal. The father or oldest

male had absolute authority.• Family wishes came before individual wishes. • Early on, children learned family duties, such as

obedience of caste rules. • Parents had a duty to arrange good marriages for

their children, based on caste and family interests. • The status and freedom of women decreased over

time. A woman’s duties were to marry, obey her husband, and raise children.

Indian women during the Gupta Empire? What important factors Indian women during the Gupta Empire? What important factors affected those women’s lives?affected those women’s lives?

Gupta literary works reveal Gupta literary works reveal standing had declined noticeably since the Vedic period. standing had declined noticeably since the Vedic period. This decline was due in large part This decline was due in large part to the emergence of a nonagricultural middle class, which to the emergence of a nonagricultural middle class, which

placed a high value on the acquisition and inheritance of placed a high value on the acquisition and inheritance of property. property.

Women lostWomen lost the right to own and inherit property.the right to own and inherit property. barred from participating in many religious ceremonies. barred from participating in many religious ceremonies. MarriageMarriage (Young age 6 or 7) practice intended to ensure that a woman (Young age 6 or 7) practice intended to ensure that a woman

would behave according to her husband’s wishes.would behave according to her husband’s wishes. Ritual of SatiRitual of Sati The most extreme example of Indian women’s position in which The most extreme example of Indian women’s position in which

a widow was expected to cremate herself on her husband’s a widow was expected to cremate herself on her husband’s funeral.funeral.

Discuss the ways that early Southeast Asia participated in the Discuss the ways that early Southeast Asia participated in the world system.world system.

LocationLocation the strategic location of Southeast Asia in the global trade the strategic location of Southeast Asia in the global trade

routes connecting China, India, and the Mediterranean. routes connecting China, India, and the Mediterranean. expanded trade networks and contributed goods expanded trade networks and contributed goods The impressive navigational skills The impressive navigational skills riding the monsoon winds and interpreting wave patterns, riding the monsoon winds and interpreting wave patterns,

clouds, swells, and winds led them to explore the Indian and clouds, swells, and winds led them to explore the Indian and Pacific Oceans and knit together the shores of India, East Asia, Pacific Oceans and knit together the shores of India, East Asia, and the islands of the Pacific. and the islands of the Pacific.

ReligionReligion Hindu/Buddhist culture served as a source of knowledge, Hindu/Buddhist culture served as a source of knowledge,

prestige, and legitimacy for rulersprestige, and legitimacy for rulers They fused Indian religious and political ideas and methods with They fused Indian religious and political ideas and methods with

their own traditions to create a unique culture. their own traditions to create a unique culture. LegacyLegacy important role as a linkage and contributor to the world system important role as a linkage and contributor to the world system

by sailing and trading, absorbing and sharing in the world by sailing and trading, absorbing and sharing in the world markets.markets.