Chapter 7 physicspp.com Image Bank Video Clips and Animations Standardized Test Practice Chapter...

Chapter

7

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Comet Hale-Bopp

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Planetary Data

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Sketch of Orbits of Lo and Callisto

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Universal Gravitation and Kepler’s Third Law

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Cavendish Balance

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Orbits of Planets and Satellites

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Landsat 7

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Sketching Satellite’s Orbit Around Earth

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Astronaut Chiaki Mukai Experiencing Weightlessness Aboard Space Shuttle Columbia

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The Gravitational Field

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Vectors Representing Earth’s Gravitational Field

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Inertial Balance

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Rubber Sheet Illustrating Effect of Mass on Space

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Deflection of Light

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Chandra X-ray Image of Two Black Holes

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Standardized Test Practice (Q. 2)

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Standardized Test Practice (Q. 5)

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Kepler’s First Law

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Kepler’s Second Law

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Kepler’s Third Law

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Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

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Inverse Square Law

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Cavendish Experiment

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Orbits of Planets and Satellites

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Two Kinds of Mass

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Kepler’s first law states that the paths of the planets are ellipses, with Sun at one focus.

Kepler’s second law states that an imaginary line from the Sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.

Kepler’s third law states that the square of the ratio of the periods of any two planets revolving about the Sun is equal to the cube of the ratio of their average distances from the Sun.

Planetary Motion and Gravitation

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7.1 Chapter Summary

Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between any two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. The force is attractive and along a line connecting their centers.


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7.1 Chapter Summary

Newton’s law of universal gravitation can be used to rewrite Kepler’s third law to relate the radius and period of a planet to the mass of the Sun.


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7.1 Chapter Summary

Chapter Summary

The speed of an object in circular orbit is given by the following expression:

Using the Law of Universal Gravitation

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7.2

Chapter Summary

The period of a satellite in a circular orbit is given by the following expression:


Section

7.2

All objects have gravitational field surrounding them.

Chapter Summary

Gravitational mass and inertial mass are two essentially different concepts. The gravitational and inertial masses of an object, however, are numerically equal.


Section

7.2

Chapter Summary

Einstein’s general theory of relativity describes gravitational attraction as a property of space itself.


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7.2

________ states that objects attract other objects with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Question 1

A. Kepler’s first law

B. Kepler’s second law

C. Kepler’s third law

D. Newton’s law of universal gravitation

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Answer: D

Answer 1

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Reason: According to Newton’s law of universal gravitation:

A satellite orbiting Earth over the equator appears to remain over one spot to an observer on Earth. What is its orbital speed?

Question 2

A. Equal to Earth’s orbital speed around Sun

B. Equal to Earth’s rate of rotation

C. Zero

D. Data insufficient

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Answer: B

Answer 2

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Reason: When the satellite’s orbital speed matches with Earth’s rate of rotation, the satellite appears to remain over one spot on the equator.


Describe a gravitational field.

Question 3

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Any object with mass is surrounded by a gravitational field in which another object experiences a force due to the interaction between its mass and the gravitational field, g, at its location.

Answer 3

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Differentiate between inertial mass and gravitational mass.

Question 4

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Mass related to the inertia of an object is inertial mass. Inertial mass is equal to the ratio of the net force exerted on an object to its acceleration.

Mass as used in the law of universal gravitation determines the size of the gravitational force between two objects and is called gravitational mass.

Answer 4

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If a lift carrying a person starts to fall freely toward Earth, the contact force between the lift and the person inside the lift will be equal to:

Question 5

A. Weight of the person

B. Weight of the lift

C. Zero

D. Gravitational force between the lift and Earth

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Answer: C

Answer 5

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Reason: In a free fall toward Earth both, the lift and the person inside it are falling toward Earth with the same acceleration. Hence, the person experiences weightlessness.


1. Two satellites are in orbit around a planet. One satellite has an orbital radius of 8.0×106 m. The period of rotation for this satellite is 1.0×106 s. The other satellite has an orbital radius of 2.0×107 m. What is this satellite’s period of rotation?

Multiple Choice

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A. 5.0×105 s

B. 2.5×106 s

C. 4.0×106 s

D. 1.3×107 s

2. The illustration on the right shows a satellite in orbit around a small planet. The satellite’s orbital radius is 6.7×104 km and its speed is 2.0×105 m/s. What is the mass of the planet around which the satellite orbits? (G = 6.7×10−11 N·m2/kg2)

Multiple Choice


A. 2.5×1018 kg

B. 2.5×1023 kg

C. 4.0×1020 kg

D. 4.0×1028 kg

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3. Two satellites are in orbit around the same planet. Satellite A has a mass of 1.5×102 kg, and satellite B has a mass of 4.5×103 kg. The mass of the planet is 6.6×1024 kg. Both satellites have the same orbital radius of 6.8×106 m. What is the difference in the orbital periods of the satellites?

Multiple Choice

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A. No difference

B. 1.5×102 s

C. 2.2×102 s

D. 3.0×102 s


4. A moon revolves around a planet with a speed of 9.0×103 m/s. The distance from the moon to the center of the planet is 5.4×106 m. What is the orbital period of the moon?

Multiple Choice

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A. 1.2π×102 s

B. 6.0π×102 s

C. 1.2π×103 s

D. 1.2π×109 s


5. A moon in orbit around a planet experiences a gravitational force not only from the planet, but also from the Sun. The illustration on the next slide shows a moon during a solar eclipse, when the planet, the moon, and the Sun are aligned. The moon has a mass of about 3.9×1021 kg. The mass of the planet is 2.4×1026 kg, and the mass of the Sun is 2.0×1030 kg. The distance from the moon to the center of the planet is 6.0×108 m, and the distance from the moon to the Sun is 1.5×1011 m. What is the ratio of the gravitational force on the moon due to the planet, compared to its gravitational force due to the Sun during the solar eclipse?

Extended Answer

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Multiple Choice


A. 0.5

B. 2.5

C. 5.0

D. 7.5

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6. Two satellites are in orbit around a planet. Satellite S1 takes 20 days to orbit the planet at a distance of 2×105 km from the center of the planet. Satellite S2 takes 160 days to orbit the planet. What is the distance of satellite S2 from the center of the planet?

Extended Answer

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Plan Your Work and Work Your Plan

Test-Taking Tip

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Plan your workload so that you do a little work each day, rather than a lot of work all at once. The key to retaining information is repeated review and practice. You will retain more if you study one hour a night for five days in a row instead of cramming the night before a test.

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