Chapter 7 Outline Potential Energy and Energy Conservation Gravitational potential energy...
-
Upload
marvin-mccarthy -
Category
Documents
-
view
317 -
download
2
Transcript of Chapter 7 Outline Potential Energy and Energy Conservation Gravitational potential energy...
Chapter 7 OutlinePotential Energy and Energy Conservation
• Gravitational potential energy
• Conservation of mechanical energy
• Elastic potential energy
• Springs
• Conservative and non-conservative forces
• Conservation of energy
• Force and potential energy
• Energy diagrams
Potential Energy
• Kinetic energy depends on motion.
• Potential energy depends on position.
• Energy can be converted between these forms.
• Total energy will remain constant.
• Gravitational potential energy, , relative to some reference is equal to the work done against gravity to lift an object from the reference point to some height.
Gravitational Potential Energy
• Can we discuss an exact value for gravitational potential energy?
• We calculated the change in from the gravitational force times the distance.
• We cannot define the gravitational potential energy without first defining the zero point.
• Only the change in gravitational potential energy is relevant. We are free to set at any point we want.
• Only the change in height matters; the path is irrelevant.
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• If we only have gravitational force, the sum of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy must be constant.
• This is conservation of mechanical energy.
Elastic Potential Energy
• Last chapter, we discussed the work needed to compress (or stretch) a spring.
• Since we were doing work on the spring, where was the energy going?
• It was stored as elastic potential energy.
• The term elastic implies that the energy stored in the spring can be converted completely into kinetic energy.
• The work done on the spring is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the change in the energy stored in the spring.
Work Done by Other Forces
• What about work done by other forces, such as friction?
• Total energy is always conserved!
• Where does the other energy go?
• Frictional forces are non-conservative.
• Energy is still conserved, but some of it is converted into heat.
Conservative vs. Non-conservative Forces
• When we throw a ball in the air, its kinetic energy is “stored” as gravitational potential energy as it approaches its maximum height, and converted back to kinetic energy as it comes down.
• Because this back and forth conversion between kinetic and potential energy is possible, we call gravity a conservative force.
• Mechanical energy is conserved:
• Consider instead a box sliding to a stop because of friction.
• The kinetic energy is converted to heat by the frictional force.
• This cannot be reversed, so it is a non-conservative force.
Properties of Conservative Forces
• The work done by any conservative force has these four properties.
1. Can be expressed as difference of potential energy.
2. Is reversible.
3. Is path-independent.
4. Closed loop work is zero.
Law of Conservation of Energy
• While the total mechanical energy can vary due to work done by non-conservative forces, energy is never created or destroyed.
• Consider a car skidding to a stop.
• The kinetic energy is converted to heat, increasing the temperature of the tires and pavement.
• This increases their internal energy.
• Since the work done by friction is negative and the change in internal energy is positive, .
• The law of conservation of energy is:
• This is always true.
Force and Potential Energy (1D)
• We have found expressions for the potential energy associated with gravity and springs from the forces.
• What if we know the potential energy function and want to find the corresponding force? (Consider 1D first.)
• The work done by a conservative force equals the negative of the change in potential energy.
, or
• Since , an infinitesimal bit of work, is , so,
• Solving for the force,
Force and Potential Energy (3D)
• The potential energy will in general depend on all three spatial dimensions.
• We can repeat the analysis for and , but we need to introduce a new mathematical notation.
• To find the total vector force, we look at each direction independently.
• When we move only in the direction, and remain constant.
• We take the derivative of with respect to while treating and as constants. This is called the partial derivative.
• Repeating this for and ,
Force and Potential Energy (3D)
• Combing these in vector form,
• We can write this more succinctly using the “del” operator.
• The force is the negative gradient of the potential.
Chapter 7 SummaryPotential Energy and Energy Conservation
• Gravitational potential energy:
• Conservation of mechanical energy
• Elastic potential energy:
• Conservative forces
• Potential energy, reversible, path-independent, zero closed loop
• Conservation of energy:
• Force and potential energy:
• Energy diagrams
• Stable minima and unstable maxima