Osteoarthritis: clinical evaluation and cartilage tissue ...
CHAPTER 7. OSSEUS CARTILAGE DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD NERVOUS TISSUE.
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Transcript of CHAPTER 7. OSSEUS CARTILAGE DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD NERVOUS TISSUE.
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BONESCHAPTER 7
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BONE TISSUES
OSSEUS CARTILAGE DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD NERVOUS TISSUE
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
ORGANS: BONES
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FUNCTION
SUPPORT AND PROTECT MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE STORE INORGANIC SALTS (CALCIUM)
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BONE CLASSIFICATION
LONG BONES SHORT BONES
Cube like: width and length similar FLAT BONES IRREGUALR BONES
Variety SESAMOID BONES
Round; Embeded in tendons
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BONE TYPES
www.bing.com/images/search?q=short+bone+image&FORM=IGRE&qpvt=short+bone+image&adlt
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SESAMOID BONE
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sesamoid+bone+image&FORM=IGRE6&adlt=strict#focal=9e6adf7fe
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BONE MARKINGSEvery bump, groove, and hole has
a name on your bones
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Bone Markings
Two types of bone markings: Projections (aka processes) that grow out from
the bone
Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone
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Joint Projections
1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection
Condyle
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Joint Projections
2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck
3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface
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Joint Projections
4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone
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Ligament/Tendon Projections
1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest)
2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle
ULNA
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3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection
4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection
5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection
(only on femur)
Proximal Tibia
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6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection
Thoracic Vertebrae
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DEPRESSIONS
Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through.
1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube
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Depressions
2) Fossa: shallow basin
3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening
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Depressions
4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes
5) Foramen: Round or oval opening
Foramen Magnum
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Depressions
6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression
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Review:
Projections1) Condyle2) Head3) Facet4) Ramus5) Crest6) Epicondyle7) Tubercle8) Tuberosity9) Trochanter10) Spine
Depressions1) Meatus2) Fossa3) Fissure4) Sinus5) Sulcus or Groove or Furrow
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PREVIOUS SLIDES (8-20) FROM:bruin.eduhsd.k12.ca.us/Burghardt%20Pages/Anatomy/Skeletal%20PPt/BONE%20MARKINGS.ppt
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PARTS OF A LONG BONE
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=LONG+BONE+PARTS&qpvt=LONG+BONE+PARTS&FORM=Z7FD&adlt=strict#focal
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MICROSCOPIC BONE PARTS
http://www.rienstraclinic.com/newsletter/2010/2010February.html
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BONE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT/OSTEOGENESIS
•INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES• WITHIN SHEET LIKE LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
•ENDOCHONDRAL BONES• MASSES OF CARTILAGE REPLACED BY BONE TISSUE
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INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES/INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
MEMBRANE-LIKE LAYERS OF UNDIFFERENTIATED CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH DENSE SUPPLY OF BLOOD VESSELSPROGENITOR CELLS ENLARGE AND DIFFERENTIATE INTO BONE FORMING CELLS: OSTEOBLASTSOSTEOBLASTS FORM BONY NMATRIX WHICH RESULTS IN SPONGY BONESPONGY BONE MAY FORM COMPACT BONE LATERONCE CELL IS COMPLETELY SUROUNDED BY BONY MATRIX (LACUNAE) IT IS A OSTEOCYTEPERIOSTEUM FORMS; COMPACT BONE FORMS OUTSIDE OF SPONGY BONE
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ENDOCHONDRAL BONE FORMATION/ ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
•MASS OF HYALINE CARTILAGE•CARTILAGE CELLS ENLARGE AND GROW•MATRIX BREAKS DOWN, CELLS DIE AND DEGENERATE•PERIOSTEUM FORMS•BLOOD VESSELS AND PARTIALLY DIFFERENTIATE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS INVADE•FORM OSTEOBLASTS WHICH FORM SPONGY BONE•COMPACT BONE FORMS UNDER PERIOSTEUM•BECOME OSTEOCYTES WHEN SURROUNDED BY BONY MATRIX
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OSSIFICATION CENTERS OF LONG BONES
•PRIMARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION IN CENTER OF DIAPHYSIS•SECONDARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION IN EPIPHYSIS
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EPIPHYSEAL PLATE GROWTH
•4 LAYERS OF CARTILAGINOUS CELLS• ZONE OF RESTING CARTILAGE:
• NEAR END OF EPIPHYSIS; JUST RESTING CELLS• ZONE OF PROLIFERATING CARTILAGE;
• YOUNG MITOTIC CELLS: LENGTHENS PLATE• ZONE OF HYPERTROPHIC CARTILAGE:
• OLDER CELLS PUSHED OUT, START TO DIE,• OSTEOBLASTS CALCIFIES MATRIX
• ZONE OF CALCIFIED CARTILAGE:• DEAD CELLS & CALCIFIED MATRIX• OSTEOCLASTS BREAK DOWN CALCIFIED MATRIX USING
AND ACID TO DISSOLVE INORGANIC PORTIONS AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES TO DIGEST ORGANIC PORTIONS
• OSTEOBLASTS INVADE AND LAY DOWN BONY MATRIXLENGTHENS UNTIL COMPLETELY OSSIFIEDOSTEOBLASTS ON AT PERIOSTEUM THICKEN BONE WHILE
OSTEOCLASTS AT ENDOSTEUM FORMING MEDULLARY CAVITY WHICH FILLS WITH MARROW
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BONE TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS
•BONE REMODLEING: OSTEOBLASTS VS. OSTEOCLASTS• OSTEOBLASTS FORM: DEPOSITION• OSTEOCLASTS BREAK DOWN: RESORPTION• 3%-5% EXCHANGED PER YEAR BUT USUALLY REMAINS
CONSTANT
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FACTORS AFFECTING BONE
GROWTH
•NUTRITION•SUNLIGHT•HORMONAL SECRETIONS•PHYSICAL EXERCISE
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NUTRITION•VITAMIN D:
• FOR PROPER ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM• FROM EGGS AND FORTIFIED MILK, ETC.• FROM DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL: CARRIED TO SKIN WHERE SUN
CONVERTS IT TO VITAMIN D•VITAMIN A:
• NEEDED BY OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS DURING NORMAL ACTIVITY
•VITAMIN C:• NEEDED FOR COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS; OSTEOBLASTS COULDN’T
PRODUCE COLLAGEN
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HORMONAL SECRETIONS
•HORMONES FROM PITUITARY GLAND, THYROID GLAND, PARATHYROID GLANDS, AND OVARIES OR TESTES•PITUITARY:
• GH: STIMULATES CARTILAGE CELLS OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE TO DIVIDE• PITUITARY DWARFISM; PITUITARY GIANTISM/ACROMEGALY
•THYROID:• THYROXINE: STIMULATES REPLACEMENT OF CARTILAGE BY OSSEUS
TISSUE• STIMULATES OSTEOBLASTS ACTIVITY
•PARATHYROID:• PTH: STIMULATES INCREASE IN NUMBER AND ACTIVITY OF
OSTEOCLASTS•OVARIES/TESTES:
• AT PUBERTY: ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE: STIMULATE GROWTH • OSSIFICATION OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE; ESTROGEN IS STRONGER
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PHYSICAL STRESS
•MUSCLE PULLING ON BONE CAUSES STRESS WHICH CAUSES BONE TO GROW AND THICKEN
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FACTORS AFFECTING REPAIR
OF BONE•HOW WIDE GAP IS•CASTS•SCREWS, NAILS, WIRE, RODS•HYBRID FIXATOR•ARMS FASTER THAN LEGS; YOUNGER PEOPLE HEAL FASTER THAN OLDER
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FRACTURE REPAIR•BREAK: BLODD VESSELS RUPTURE: HEMATOMA; INFLAMATION•NEW BLOOD VESSELS DEVELOP FROM PERIOSTEUM•OSTEOBLASTS MIGRATE IN AND DIVIDE•OSTEOCLASTS REMOVE BONE FRAGMENTS AND DEBRIS•FIBROCARTILAGE FILLS GAP: CARTILAGINOUS CALLUS•CALLUS IS REPLACED BY BONE LIKE IN ENDOCHONDRAL BONE OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLASTS FORM BONY
CALLUS•EXCESS BONE IS GENERALLY PRODUCED: REMOVED BY OSTEOCLASTS
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BONE FUNCTION
•SHAPE:
http://www.bballone.com/keving/celtics/images/celtics2.jpg
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PROTECTION
http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V13N30/TB_Ireland_Figure1.jpg
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MOVEMENT
http://www.directoryofillustration.com/images/artistimages/featuredprojects/2189_18.jpg
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LEVERS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/images/27ms_sle2treb_levers.gif
CHAPTER 9
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HEMATOPOIESIS
EMBRYO: YOLK SAC
LATER: LIVER AND SPLEEN
LATER: BONE MARROW
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BONE MARROW
RED AND YELLOW YELLOW
STORES FAT RED
FORMS BLOOD CELLS (HEMOGLOBIN)
LOCATION: INFANT:
MOST CAVITIES ARE RED WITH AGE:
MOST REPLACED BY YELLOW ADULT:
RED IN SPONGY BONE OF: SKUILL, RIB, STERNUM, CLAVICLES, VERTEBRAE, PELVIC******IF DEFICIENT SUPPLY SOME YELLOW CAN REVERT TO RED
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http://www.merriam-webster.com/art/med/hematopo.htm
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INORGANIC SALT STORAGE
70% OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX BY WEIGHT MOSTLY SMALL CRYSTALS OF
HYDROXYAPATITE (CALCIUM PHOSPHATE) CLACIUM NEEDED FOR: MUSCLE
CONTRACTION; NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION; CLOTTING; MORE!
HOMEOSTASIS!!! PTH vs. CALCITONIN (CHAPTER 13)ALSO STORES: MAGNESIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM,
CARBONATE IONSACCUMULATE TOXINS: LEAD, RADIUM, STRONTIUM,
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SKELETON
206 BONES EXTRA: WORMIAN, SESAMOID
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INFANTILE SKULL
FONTANELS: SOFT SPOTS MOLDING CLOSE STARTING AT 2 MONTHS UP TO 2
YEARS MORE FLEXIBLE: LESS EASILY FRACTURED
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
TYPES: BREAKFAST-LUNCH-SUPPER CURVATURES:
PRIMARY: AT BIRTH THORACIC SACRAL
SECONDARY CERVICAL?
HOLDING HEAD UP AND SITTING LUMBAR?
WALKING
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PELVIC GIRDLE
ILIUM ISCHIUM PUBIS
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LIFE SPAN CHANGES
DECREASE IN HEIGHT: 30: 1/16 YEAR; COMPRESSION FRACTURES
LATER;LOSS OF CALCIUM: WEAKEN; BRITTLE; MORE FRACUTRESMORE OSTEOCLASTS: MORE SPACES; THINNNERLESS PROTEIN: MORE BRITTLELOSS OF BONE MASS: 35
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LIFE SPAN CHANGES
SPONGY BONE AFFECTED FIRST (35) VERTEBRAE, FEMUR; FRACTURES
COMPACT (40) I/2 THE RATE OF SPONGY; GAPS BETWEEN
OSTEONS BONE LOSS
MEN: SLOW AND STEADY WOMEN: HORMONE LOSS; AFTER MENOPAUSE:
SPONGY LOSS 2-3X FASTER; COMPACT LOSS 3-4X FASTER
BY 70: FEMALES ½ THE BONE OF 20’S; MALES 1/3 LESS
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LIFE SPAN CHANGES
INCREASED FRACTURES HEALING SLOWS, PAIN PERSISTS PREVENTION:
DON’T FALL CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS VITAMIN D AVOID CARBONATED DRINKS (PHOSPHATE) EXERCISE
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BONE DISEASEShttp://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/33324573/ns/today-today_health/t/rare-disease-turns--year-olds-muscles-bone
/FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA(FOP)