Chapter 7 Life in the New Nation

Life in the New Nation1783-1850

Ch 7, Section 1 Cultural Social, and Religious Life

• In the early 1800s, the Culture, religion, and social practices of Americans adapted to meet the challenges of a new and growing nation.

American Scholars and ArtistsBy Hailey Brooks

• Noah Webster & others worked to establish the country’s “national character”

• They contributed to the development of American learning

Contributors:• Mercy Otis Warren: wrote several

plays encouraging the cause of independence and wrote a book titled History of the American Revolution

• Benjamin Rush: doctor, scientist, and revolutionary. Also signed the Declaration of Independence

• Benjamin Banneker: writer, inventor, mathematician, astronomer. Mapped out the site of our nations capital

Contributors:• Charles Wilson Peale: artist that

painted more than 1,000 portraits. Also a soldier in the Revolution, representative in Pennsylvania legislature, scientist, and an inventor. Founded first major museum and proved that museums could be for education and enjoyment instead of only for the wealthy.

• Phillis Wheatley: Enslaved woman bought by a Boston family. Allowed her to read and write. Published poems and also wrote and dedicated one of them to George Washington.

Education - Alyssa Newman• Some Americans began to see

children’s education as a mean of developing a rich and uniquely American culture.

• Many state constitutions required free public education for all children. Even though few state governments actually provided free education in those early years, academies, or private high schools, often filled the gap.

Webster

• Webster wrote The American Spelling Book, which first appeared in 1783. He also backed up this call by compiling the first major dictionary of American English, The American Dictionary of The English Language.

Republican Virtues• Many Americans hoped to

develop character by promoting certain virtues- Republican virtues.

• Republican virtues included self-reliance, hard work, frugality, harmony, and sacrificing individual needs for the good of the community.

Republican Virtues• Women set the standard for republican virtues

because they had a strong influence over men.• This caused the first “female departments” of

schools to open because the importance of educating these influential women was recognized.

Chapter 7 ,section 1:Population growthBy Rashan Winters

Population • The united states population from

1780-1830 was predominantly white

• In 1830 the African American population had approximately 1/6 the population while the white had about 5/6 the population

• From 1780 to 1830 the population doubled about every 20 years

• In 1780 around 2.7 million people lived in the original 13 states and by 1830 the population increased to about 12 million with the addition of 11 more states.

Growth

• About 90% of the american population growth came from an astonishing number of children born to families.

• During the 1800s about 130 of the 1000 children born died before their first birthday today the rate is only 7:1000

• The median age of the 1820s in America Was 17 meaning half of the population was 17

or younger.

Chapter 7 Section 1- MobilityTheresa Ann Crosby

A mobile society- the us population was on the move

changing locations and society

Improving life

• When moving you could change your class in society.

• Enslaved Americans were some of the only not benefitted.

Changes in society

• Most learned new people skills and learned to judge new neighbors

• Social standing questioned due to frequent moving

• Some dueled over social positions occurred

Chapter 7 section 1

Courtship and Marriage - Jesse Burnley

Chapter 7 section 1 Courtship and Marriage

• One of the only decisions women could make around this time was who they would marry. Courtship was when the two people getting married would be together for a long period of time before actually getting married.

Charlotte Temple

• A story about a 15 year old girl that meets someone that is in the military. He ends up leaving her with no money and pregnant.

• Women would look for advice in moralizing novels like this one.

•Started in Kentucky and Tennessee

•Evangelical movement that affected Protestant Christians

•Was considered democratic since anyone rich or poor could have a relationship with Jesus

•Importance of Congregations instead of ministers

•Revival of religious belief

The Second Great Awakening

Chapter 7, Section 1 – Religious Renewal – George Boggs

The Second Great Awakening (cont.)

• Focused on 3 main ideas 1. The Christian Bible, known as the Scripture,

is the final authority2. Salvation can be achieved only through a

personal belief in Jesus3. People demonstrate true faith by leading a

transformed life and by performing good deeds

Chapter 7, Section 1-Religious renewal – Morris Jackson

Like white Americans, great numbers of African Americans turned to evangical religion. They found a strong sense of

community in methodism and other protestant denominations. Traditions started to blend together once

African Americans joined Christian churches.

African American Worship

Cont.• Whites and blacks both sang spirituals, or folk hymns. African American

singers often focused on themes that held a double meaning. Example: In the Bible, Moses led the Israelites to freedom from slavery under the Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt. African Americans used that as a symbol for winning spiritual and physical freedom.

Ch 7, Section 2 - Trails to the West

In the early years of the republic, many people traveled west over the Appalachians to settle in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. Later, settlers would cross the continent to the Great Salt Lake and Pacific Coast.

Chapter 7 Section 2

Crossing the Appalachians

Destiney Lewis A2

Growing Population

• With a growing population, the United States needed space to expand.

• Some couples dreamed of creating a bright and secure future, others sought to escape the overcrowding along the Atlantic coast to find a place with ”elbow room”

• West of the Appalachian mountains was the area it was a region known as trans-Appalachia

Early 1800’s • Americans traveled

several main roads over the Appalachians. New England followed the Mohawk Trail, into western New York.

• Philadelphia and Baltimore went to Pittsburgh.

• Middle Atlantic used newly built Cumberland road also called National Road, southerners followed either the Great valley roads Or Richmond Road through the Cumberland gap

Ch.7 Section 2- Crossing the Appalachians:SETTLING THE WILDERNESS

•People from different backgrounds settled in trans-Appalachia•Daniel Boone became a legend, although he was no different from many other pioneers•Daniel Boone was employed by the Transylvania Company in 1775 to cut the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap with a group of men•This road became the main route to trans-Appalachia

Ch.7 Section 2- Crossing the Appalachians:SETTLING THE WILDERNESS

• In 1792, 75,000 pioneers settled in Kentucky, which was the 15th state in the Union

• In the 1830’s, hundreds of thousands of Americans settled in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan Territory

• Settlers usually moved as families, except young men who traveled west alone

Ch.7 Section 2- Crossing the Appalachians:SETTLING THE WEST

• Once settled, newcomers faced a lot of work

• They had to clear trees and underbrush, plant crops such as corn, and build a log cabin using only hand tools

• The settlers were mostly white, but there were also many African-Americans

• Between 1790 and 1810, about 98,000 slaves moved west with their owners to the region south of the Ohio River

• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 forbid slavery in territories North of Ohio

Ch 7.2 Forcing Native American West

7.2

Spanish Occupation Kerby Dalton

In 1795,the United States and Spain agreed to the Pickney Treaty. The Pickney Treat agreed on:

1) The southern boundary of the U.S. was at the 31°N latitude, leaving Florida to the Spanish

2) U.S citizens were allowed free use of the Mississippi through the Spanish territory.

3) Spanish and Americans had agreed to control Native Americans

• In 1810 the U.S. annexed West Florida • The Americans took control of some parts

of East Flordia • The Seminoles took control of Southern

Georgia• Andrew Jackson then led the plan to invade

Florida

Chapter 7 Section 2

Expanding into FloridaThe Seminole Wars

March 1818

• Battle lead by General Jackson• Took over Spanish towns, burned Seminole

villages, claimed possession of entire western part of Florida

• Battle started in early 1818• Battle ended in late 1818

Treaty

• Spanish representatives took weeks to work out a treaty with Adams

• In 1819 the Adams-Onis Treaty was accepted• In the treaty Spain gave up Florida to the US

along with fixing boundaries in the Louisiana purchase

The Oregon Country by Unknown

-Popular in 1820-U.S, Great Britain, Russia, and Spain claimed rights-The Convention of 1818 disregarded the wishes of Native Americans who already lived there-Spain gave up its claim to the region and in 1825 Russia followed

The Oregon Country

• Indian Trails• Churches sent missionaries to convert Native Americans• First missionary was Jason Lee in 1834• Jason Lee built a mission school for Indians in Willamette

Valley• Missionaries didn’t have much success in Converting the

region’s Indians

7.2 Bound for the Pacific Overland Travelers

Mormon Migrations

By: Lizzy Uvanni

Mormon Migration

• The Mormon group were people who thought that it was okay to marry more than one wife.

• They first migrated to Ohio because they were being harassed, then they migrated to Missouri then eventually Illinois.

• 11,000 Mormon had settled in the valley.• Most settled in the Salt Lakes

• There at 13 million Mormons worldwide and 12 % live in Utah.

7.2 Bound for the Pacific Gold Rush

Ch 7, Section 3 –The Great Plains and Southwest

• The migration of Spaniards from Central Mexico and Settlers from the United States in the Great Plains, California, and the Rio Grande Valley led to economic and political changes

Ch 7 Section 3 – plains indiansBy Patric Curry

The effects of the horse on the native Americans • How it got there?• Why it’s important in history?

The Impact of the Horse

• The horse had very profound effects on the native americans.

• It brought a change in almost ever aspect such as a tribe's movement, war, agriculture, and hunting.

• These task allowed for better harvests, faster raids, and effective hunts.

What’s that doing there?

• Horses were traded by the french and spanish to indians for furs, and other goods made by the natives.

• The indian also stole horses during raids on settlements.

Significance?

• With out the horse many of the natives would have stayed in settlements and been enveloped by settlers moving west.

• Indians also would have had a harder time hunt and many would have stayed in agricultural farming villages.

• Indians also may have been a little less aggressive towards us and each other if they didn’t have such an easy way to raid.

Ch 7, Section 3- The Plains IndiansMacKenzie Ward

• New Nations and New Settlers– The horse made travelling easier for

nomads, who were moving west to follow Buffalo.

– They were also moving west to avoid the settlers who were continuously pushing westward.

– This constant flow of settlers led to the creation of three new states – Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.

Ch 7, Section 3- The Plains Indians• The Decline of Villages-

– Nomadic groups were joining war parties to gain power– Warfare became a way of life– The Comanche Indians drove other villages westward into

Spanish New Mexico– The agricultural Native Americans were caught between

the American settlers on the east and the Nomads to the west and because of this they suffered greatly

– The Mandans were hit the hardest. They had a population of 10,000 in the mid-1700’s to around 2,000 in the summer of 1873.

– A smallpox epidemic hit leaving roughly a hundred of the Mandans alive.

– In 1850, 40 % of the Native American population was made up by the 75,000 Nomads and the 84,000 Native Americans forced to live in present-day Oklahoma

7.3 Hispanic North America – Spanish Colonies

Ch 7, Section 3 – Hispanic North America

By Kristen Meeker

Effects of Mexican Independence• Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821

• The movement started with demands for self government and local uprisings

• Miguel Hidalgo started the rebellion that spread through southern Mexico

•Agustin de Iturbide joined forces with remaining rebels, and soon won

• California, New Mexico, and Texas benefited from being part of an independent Mexico.

• It caused political reforms, with created a stronger democracy.

• Mexico was free to elect representatives to the new government in Mexico City.

Ch 7, Section 3 – Hispanic North America

Effects of Mexican Independence• New Mexican government took control of California’s farmland, vineyards, and their cattle and sheep.

• They redistributed these lands to hundreds of wealthy, influential citizens.

• This widened the gap between the rich and the poor.

• Mexico promoted trade with the U.S.

• The high quality and low prices of American goods replaced Mexico’s trade with the rest of Mexico.

• They traded along the Santa Fe Trail

• Mexico’s northern territories would trade more with U.S.

~The Start of the Colony~

Michael Spagnolo

When Texas was Part of Mexico

• Americans were immigrating to Mexico, and by 1830, there was nearly 7,000.– Mexico then closed off immigration, but still grew

up to 30,000 in 1835. – Colony Led by Stephen Austin– Importing slaves was illegal,

Immigrants fought for the right.

Texas Becomes Independent

• A small army of Texans fought General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna after he tried to take control of Texas.

• The winning battle was led by Sam Houston.• Independence declared on March 2, 1836

– Treaty of Velasco signed– Yet Americans pushed west into NM and Ca,

Causing tension with the Republic.

Stephen Austin Sam Houston

Chapter 7, Section 3Texas Fights for Independence

Problems Arise

Mary-Ryan Clary

Problems Arise• Americans led by Stephen Austin moved

into Texas. With permission from the Mexican government.

• Americans were promised many opportunities including cheap land, the protection of the Mexican Government, and a multiyear tax break if they came to Texas.

• Many Americans saw these opportunities and crossed the border to Mexico bringing their slaves and the number of Americans in Mexico quickly rose

• Slavery in Mexico was outlawed causing Americans to want more political control and they wanted slavery to be guaranteed under Mexican law. Some settlers vowed to fight for independence If Mexico denied their request

Problems Arise• in 1833 General Antionio Lopez

de Santa Anna took power as dictator, Americans and Mexican settlers sharpened their demand for self government resulting in the Texas War for Independence.

• Violence quickly broke out in the Battle of the Alamo witch resulted in many casualties for both sides.

Texas War of Independence

• Started in 1835.• Sam Houston, an immigrant from Tennessee

was the commander and chief.• Independence minded settlers vs. Mexicans

Battle of the Alamo

• Lasted 13 days.• Texans had less than 200 men.• Settler leaders: William Travis & James Bowie.

Chapter 7, section 3- Texas Fights for Independence

outcomes-

•North America succeeded in prying territory from Mexico.

•The loss of Texas created tension between U.S. and Mexico.

•March 2, 1836, rebels declared the founding of an independent republic of Texas.

By: Lauren O'Connell

• The independence of the Texas Republic

• The Mexican-American War

• Ultimately, the American Civil War

The New Texas