Chapter 7

Foreign Affairs

in the Early Republic

People to meetStephen Decatur – navy captain; made a daring raid in Tripoli Harbor

Tecumseh – powerful Shawnee Chief

The Prophet - Tecumseh’s brother; urged Native Americans to return to their traditional ways

Wm Henry Harrison –general who led victory in battle of Tippecanoe against native Americans & battles in War of 1812 (Pres of US)

Henry Clay – Congressman & war hawk from KY

John Calhoun – Congressman & war hawk

from SC

William Hull – general who lead US navy into

Canada in July 1812

Oliver Hazard Perry – Commander of naval

forces on Lake Erie

Andrew Jackson - TN planter/lawyer who defeated the Creek Indians in AL, general who led victory in battle of New Orleans (Pres. of US)

Francis Scott Key – attorney who wrote poem called “Star Spangled Banner”

James Monroe - 5th president starts during post War of 1812 “era of good feelings” who created Monroe Doctrine & MO Compromise

John Quincy Adams - Monroe’s Sec. of State who encouraged him to create the “Monroe Doc.” & negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty (Pres of US)

Miguel Hidalgo – Mexican priest who led a rebellion against the Mexican gov’t

Simon Bolivar – led movement that won freedom for present-day Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Bolivia & Ecuador.

Jose de San Martin – won independence for

Chile & Peru

Places to LocateBarbary Coast states – North African coastal states who terrorized ships in the Mediterranean

Virginia – large, powerful southern state (Many

early presidents from VA)

Ohio – became a state in 1803

Detroit – important trade city in MI near Lake Erie & Canadian border

Lake Erie – Great Lake near Canadian border

Louisiana Territory – large area purchased from France (MS River to the Rockies)

Oregon Country – large area extending from CA to AK, wanted by the US; controlled by other countries

Spanish East Florida – eastern part of FL controlled by Spain during the 1800’s

Mexico – large country located south of US

Chapter 7 Notes

Foreign Affairs

in the Early Republic

Partner discussion…

1.) Why would someone choose to join a band of pirates?

2.) What “modern” comparison can you make to pirates of the past (and present)?

Barbary Pirates

• For decades, North African Arab states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis & Tripoli had pirates

• Many European countries found it easier to pay tribute for protection rather than fight to stop them

• Washington & Adams paid it but Jefferson didn’t want to

• Despite shrinking the navy, in 1801 he sent a naval squadron

• In 1804, Stephen Decatur captured 2 pirate ships & then snuck into Tripoli harbor & set fire to America’s Philadelphia warship that had been captured

• Navy blockaded Tripoli harbor & forced them to stop attacking American ships, but the U.S. continued to pay tribute until 1815.

Embargo Act

• French & English war increased American economy & trade b/c they needed more goods

• But, threat of impressment continued

• Could have built more frigates like the USS Constitution, but they cost $10,000 & Jefferson was limiting, not increasing the navy

• Dec., 1807 Congress passed the Embargo Act prohibiting ALL exports from the U.S.

• Huge unemployment & stopped imports as well b/c they couldn’t come all the way here & leave with empty ships (Hard to enforce)

• U.S. thought embargo would hurt England b/c they depended on U.S. agriculture.

• They simply bought from Latin America instead so Embargo Act FAILED

• Jefferson didn’t run for 3rd term (followed Washington’s precedent)

• Republicans chose Madison; Federalists chose Charles Pinckney again thinking that Embargo failure would hurt Republicans

• Madison~ 122 electoral votes

• Pinckney~ 47 electoral votes

Road to War…• New agreement that whoever stopped

impressment first would get trade back.

• Napoleon lied & said France would stop; Madison knew it was a trick but felt England was a bigger threat anyway.

• Tensions in U.S. grew as Ohio became a state white settlers moved to Native American land.

• Tecumseh & the Prophet had many followers so Wm Henry Harrison had meeting to negotiate peace but…

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle of Tippecanoe• Harrison attacked Prophetstown on Tippecanoe River.

• Native Americans were defeated & many, including Tecumseh, fled to Canada.

• This made U.S. believe England was helping Indians & that they must be forced out of Canada.

• War Hawks in Congress from South & West pressured Madison to declare war. (Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun)

(Anti-war = “doves” symbol of peace)

• Madison asked Cong. for declaration of war in 1812

WAR OF 1812

•Lots of ironic twists…

•England stopped impressment 2 days before, but it was too late…

•Early battles unsuccessfully attacked in Canada

•American successes… – at sea w/ navy frigates (USS Constitution – “Old Ironsides”)

– near the Great Lakes (Harrison kills Tecumseh after all…)

USS Constitution

• British burn US Capitol & White House(Payback for US burning Toronto)

(Dolley Madison saves silver & portrait of Washington)

• US victory -Battle at Fort McHenry (Near Baltimore) (Francis Scott Key wrote poem “Star-Spangled Banner”)

• Final Battle / huge victory– –Andrew Jackson at New Orleans...–Treaty of Ghent signed 2 weeks earlier!

*Nothing really gained -but England respects America

Treaty of Ghent

President James Monroe

• Became pres. during “era of good feelings”(Not for long due to economic problems…)

• As Madison’s Sec. of State, he was directly involved with international relations & felt US should have much influence

• His Sec. of State, J.Q. Adams, continued this (Adams-Onis Treaty gained US control of Florida from Spain)

• In early 1800’s, many Spanish & Portuguese colonies in Latin America revolted for indep. (Spain & Portugal were distracted by Napoleonic wars)

• Once war ended, Monroe feared that the European powers would try to re-colonize Latin America. So…

Monroe Doctrine• In 1823, England asked US to join in warning

European nations not to colonize the new world

• Adams advised Monroe that US should make statement on their own

• He did so in State of the Union Address on Dec. 2nd

• “The American continents, by the free and indep. condition which they have assumed and maintained are henceforth not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”

• Considered Second Dec. of Independence

• Hands off America! ~ Monroe’s biggest legacy

Monroe Doctrine

Missouri Compromise

• Will be covered in future chapters…

Chapter 7 Table of Contents_____ Title page (2 pts)

_____ Table of contents (3 pts)

_____ Workbook (45 pts)

_____ Notes (10 pts)

_____ Sec. 1 “A Time of Conflict” W.S. (10 pts)

_____ Sec. 2 “War of 1812” W.S. (17 pts)

_____ Star-Spangled Banner W.S. (13 pts)

_____ / 100 TOTAL

Star-Spangled BannerOh say! Can you see, by the dawn’s early light,

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming?

Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,

O’er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?

And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,

Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.

Oh say, does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave

O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

Work below not for this year

Vocabulary & People1. tribute

2. neutral rights

3. impressment

4. embargo

5. War Hawks

6. frigate

7. privateer

8. disarmament

9. demilitarize

10. court-martial

11. Tecumseh & The Prophet

12. William Henry Harrison *

13. Henry Clay

14. John C. Calhoun

15. William Hull

16. Oliver Hazard Perry

17. Andrew Jackson *

18. James Monroe *

19. John Quincy Adams *

20. Miguel Hidalgo