Comparative Planetology: Our Solar System Chapter Seven & Eight.
Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative...
-
Upload
norah-ellis -
Category
Documents
-
view
232 -
download
6
Transcript of Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative...
![Page 1: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 7
Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds
![Page 2: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Principles of Comparative Planetology• Comparative Planetology is the study of the
solar system through examining and understanding the similarities and differences among the planets.
• Planetary Geology:
• The study of surface features and the processes that create them is called geology.
• Today, we speak of planetary geology, the extension of geology to include all the solid bodies in the solar system.
![Page 3: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Viewing the Terrestrial Worlds• Spacecraft have visited and
photographed all of the terrestrial worlds. Some have even been landed on!
• Because surface geology depends largely on a planet’s interior, we must first look inside the terrestrial worlds.
![Page 4: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Global views and surface close-upsVenus’ surface- atmosphere is not shown. Surface mapped from Megellan spacecraft radar data
![Page 5: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Surface Views of some of the terrestrial worlds.
• Venus, the Moon and Mars have all been landed on successfully by spacecraft from Earth.
Venus – Venera Missions (1961-1983)
Apollo Lunar Missions (1969-1972)Links
Mars Exploration Rover Mission: The Mission
Mars PathfinderMars Pathfinder Mission (1996-1997)
![Page 6: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Inside the Terrestrial Worlds
• When subjected to sustained stress over millions to billions of years, rocky material slowly deforms and flows.
• Rock acts more like Silly PuddyTM , which stretches when you pull it slowly but breaks if you pull it sharply.
• The rocky terrestrial worlds became spherical because of rock’s ability to flow.
• When objects exceed about 500 km in diameter, gravity can overcome the strength of solid rock and make a world spherical
![Page 7: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Gravity also gives the terrestrial worlds similar internal structures.
• Distinct layers are formed by differentiation.
• Differentiation is the process by which gravity separates materials according to their density.
• This resulted in three layers of differing composition within each terrestrial planet.
• Core• Mantle• Crust
![Page 8: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Lithosphere: Outer layer of relatively rigid rock that encompasses the crust and the uppermost mantle.
![Page 9: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Heat flows from the hot interior to the cool exterior by conduction and convection.
• Condution: Heat transfer as a result of direct contact.
• Convection: Heat transfer by means of hot material expanding and rising and cool material contracting and sinking.
• A small region of rising and falling material is called a convection cell.
![Page 10: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Shaping Planetary Surfaces
• Impact Cratering: the excavation of bowl-shaped depressions (impact craters) by asteroids or comets striking a planet’s surface.
• Volcanism: the eruption of molten rock, or lava, from a planet’s interior onto it’s surface.
• Tectonics: the disruption of a planet’s surface by internal stresses.
• Erosion: the wearing down or building up of geological features by wind, water, ice, and other phenomena of planetary weather.
There are four main geological processes
![Page 11: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Impact Process
Impact Ejecta
Ejecta Blanket
![Page 12: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cratering
![Page 13: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Volcanism
![Page 14: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
c) “Sticky” lava makes steep-sloped stratovolcanoes.
(Mount St. Helens)
Picture by US Geological Survey scientist, Austin Post, on May 18, 1980.
![Page 15: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Tectonic Forces at work. Convection
Cells
![Page 16: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Comparing Planetary Atmospheres
![Page 17: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Atmospheric Structure
![Page 18: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Visible Light: Warming the Surface and Coloring the Sky
Atmospheric gases scatter blue light more than they scatter red light.
Longer wavelength red light is more penetrating
![Page 20: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Infrared Light: the Greenhouse Effect, and the Tropsosphere
• The Troposphere becomes warmer than it would if it had no greenhouse gases.
• Greenhouse gases include:
– CO2
– Water Vapor
![Page 21: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Greenhouse Effect
![Page 22: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Temperatures of the Terrestrial Worlds
![Page 23: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Ultraviolet light is absorbed in the Stratosphere.
• X-Rays are absorbed in the Thermosphere and Exosphere.
![Page 24: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Magnetosphere
• The Magnetosphere blocks the Solar Wind
• This produces two regions where the charged particles get trapped – Van Allen Belts.
![Page 25: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• The interaction of the charged particles from the solar wind near the poles, produces the:
– Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights)
– Aurora Australis (Southern Lights)
![Page 27: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Aurora Borealis – Norhern Lights
![Page 28: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Atmospheric Origins and Evolution
• Outgassing from Volcanic activity was most responsible for producing the earth’s early atmosphere. (Volcanoes give off H2O, CO2, N2, and sulfur compounds.
• As life developed, it too influenced the atmosphere of the Earth, allowing it to become what it is today. (e.g. plants give off O2 and consume CO2)
![Page 29: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Many gases can escape from the planet if their thermal speed is greater than the escape speed of the planet.
Five Major Processes By Which Atmospheres Lose Gas.
![Page 30: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A Tour of the Terrestrial Worlds
![Page 31: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Moon 1,738-km radius, 1.0AU from the Sun
Astronaut explores a small craterAn ancient lava river
![Page 32: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mercury (2,440-km radius, 0.39AU from the Sun)
![Page 33: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mars (3,397-km radius, 1.52 AU from the Sun)
Polar Ice Cap (Mars) Viking Orbiter
Dust Storm over northern ice cap, Mars Global Surveyor
Edge of polar ice cap showing layers of ice and dust.
![Page 34: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Olympus Mons: – largest shield volcano in the solar system
Cratering, Volcanism and Tectonics
Heavy cratering in Southern Hemisphere
(Mars)
Valles Marineris
![Page 35: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Martian outflow channels and flood planesAncient River beds Outflow channels indicate
catastrophic flooding
Water eroded crater
Gullies on a crater wall formed by water flows?
![Page 36: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Venus (6,051-km radius, 0.72 AU from Sun)
Impact craters
on Venus
are rare
Fractured and
twisted crust
Shield Volcanoes are common
![Page 37: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Earth (6, 378 km radius, 1.0 AU from the Sun)
![Page 38: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Time-Line of Geologic Activity
![Page 39: Chapter 7 Earth and The Terrestrial Worlds Principles of Comparative Planetology Comparative Planetology is the study of the solar system through examining.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e425503460f94b347ea/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
End of Section