Chapter 7 · Deviant behavior is expensive •Encourages unity. Strain Theory •ANOMIE: Social...
Transcript of Chapter 7 · Deviant behavior is expensive •Encourages unity. Strain Theory •ANOMIE: Social...
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Chapter 7
SECTION 1
Bellringer 3/10
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Deviants are people that violate social norms/behavior. List 5 people that you could consider “deviant”
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Deviance and Social Control
Deviance - Behavior that departs from societal or
group norms
◦ Varies from group to group and society to society
◦ Also varies by degree
◦ Matter of social definition
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Deviance and Social Control
◦ Deviance - Behavior that departs from societal or group norms
◦ Deviant - Someone who breaks significant societal or group norms
◦ Negative deviance
◦ Behavior that underconforms to accepted norms
◦ Example - not graduating from high school
◦ Positive deviance
◦ Overconforms to social expectations
◦ Example - Anorexia
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Positive Deviance
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Deviance and Social Control ◦ Social Control – ways to encourage conformity to norms.
◦ There are 2 broad types of social control:
◦ Internal – from within the individual
◦ Internalization occurs when a person conforms
because the norm has become a part of their
personality
◦ When you do something right instead of wrong
because you know its wrong
◦ External – from society or the group
◦ Based on Social Sanctions – rewards and punishment that
encourage conformity
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◦ Informal - Ridicule
◦ Formal - Imprisonment
Chapter 7
SECTION 2: FUNCTIONALISM AND DEVIANCE
Two Theories Associated with
Functionalism Perspective
Strain Theory
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Control Theory
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Deviance can have positive and negative consequences on society
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DEVIANCE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF DEVIANCE
◦ Chaos •Clarifies norms
◦ More deviance •Safety valve
◦ Deviant behavior is expensive
•Encourages unity
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Strain Theory •ANOMIE: Social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent
•STRAIN THEORY: Developed by Robert Merton
(1968)
•Deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means
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How do people
respond to strain?
• Innovation
• Ritualism
• Retreatism
• Rebellion
• Conformity
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Innovation Illegal means to achieve goals
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Most widespread and obvious type of deviant response
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Ritualism Rejects goal (success) but continues to use the legitimate
means
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Retreatism •Legitimate means and approved goals are rejected
• Don’t seek success
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Rebellion •Reject success and means for achieving and substitute their own
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goals
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Conformity Works hard to succeed
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Travis Hirschi’s Control Theory
•Theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society
•In his theory…social bonds CONTROL behavior of people. Therefore, they are less willing to engage in deviant acts.
•Basic Elements of Control Theory:
•Attachment
•Commitment
•Involvement
•Belief
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Control Theory (continued) •Basic Elements of Control Theory:
•Attachment
• Stronger attachments you havemore likely to
conform
•Commitment
• Greater commitment to social goalsmore likely to conform
•Involvement
• Higher participation in social eventsprobability of conformity increases
•Belief
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• If you believe in norms/values of societymore likely to conform
Chapter 7
SECTION 3: SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM AND
DEVIANCE
Two Theories Associated with Symbolic
Interactionism Perspective
Differential Association Theory
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Labeling Theory
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Symbolic Interactionism and
Deviance
Deviance is learned through socialization
Similar to how you learn what is good/bad through
socialization
Culturally transmitted
Differential Association Theory •Theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to
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•More exposed one is to people who break the law= more
likely one is to commit criminal acts
•Three characteristics:
• Ratio of deviant to nondeviant individuals
• Whether the deviant behavior is practiced by significant
others
• Age of exposure
Labeling Theory •Theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
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•Explains why deviance is relative
•Deviance defined by the individual
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Examples of Labeling Theory
Pregnant young women more stigmatized than the young fathers to be
African American/Caucasian crime
“Affluenza”
Mass shooters based on religion
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Degrees of Deviance Primary deviance: deviance involving
occasional breaking of norms that is not
part of a person’s lifestyle or self-concept
◦ Isolated acts of deviance
Secondary deviance: deviance in which
an individual’s life and identity are
organized around breaking society’s norms
◦ Deviance as a lifestyle and personal identity
◦ Deviance overshadows all other aspects of someone’s identity