Chapter 7Confidence Intervals

(application of the Central Limit Theorem)

Introduction and Confidence Intervals for Proportions

Chapter 7 ObjectivesConstruct confidence intervals for population proportions based on the information contained in a single sample.

Concepts of Estimation• The objective of estimation is to estimate

the unknown value of a population parameter, like a population proportion p, on the basis of a sample statistic calculated from sample data.

e.g., NCSU student affairs office may want to estimate the proportion of students that want more campus weekend activities

• There are two types of estimates– Point Estimate– Interval estimate

Point Estimate of p

• p = , the sample proportion of x successes in a sample of size n, is the best point estimate of the unknown value of the population proportion p

^ nx

Example: Estimating an unknown population proportion p • Is Sidney Lowe’s departure good or bad

for State's men's basketball team? (Technician poll; not scientifically valid!!)

• In a sample of 1000 students, 590 say that Lowe’s departure is good for the bb team.

• p = 590/1000 = .59 is the point estimate of the unknown population proportion p that think Lowe’s departure is good.

^

Shortcoming of Point Estimates

• p = 590/1000 = .59, best estimate of population proportion p

BUTHow good is this best estimate?No measure of reliability

^

Another type of estimate

A confidence interval is a range (or an interval) of values used to estimate the unknown value of a population parameter .

http://abcnews.go.com/US/PollVault/

Interval Estimator

Tool for Constructing Confidence Intervals: The Central Limit

Theorem• If a random sample of n observations is

selected from a population (any population), and x “successes” are observed, then when n is sufficiently large, the sampling distribution of the sample proportion p will be approximately a normal distribution.

• (n is large when np ≥ 10 and nq ≥ 10).

Standard Normal

P(-1.96 z 1.96) =. 95

95% Confidence Interval for p

n)p(1p1.96p

written

)n)p(1p1.96p,n

)p(1p1.96p(

:p for

interval confidence 95% aconstruct tonxp Use

ˆˆˆ

ˆˆˆˆˆˆ

ˆ

p1.96 pqp

n 1.96 pqp

n

.95

Confidence levelSampling distribution model for

ˆ95% of the time p will be in this interval

Therefore, the interval

ˆ ˆ1.96 , 1.96

will "capture" 95% of the time

pq pqp pn n

p

p̂

Example (Gallup Polls)

)544.,496(.024.52.1600

)48)(.52(.96.152.ˆˆ

96.1ˆ

calculate wefor interval confidence 95% a desire weifThen

.52.ˆ suppose voters;1600ely approximatsample typicallypolls preferenceVoter

nqpp

p

p

http://abcnews.go.com/US/PollVault/story?id=145373&page=1

• Confidence intervals other than 95% confidence intervals are also

used

Standard Normal

98% Confidence Intervals

nqpp

nqpp

nqpp

p

ˆˆ33.2ˆ

written

ˆˆ33.2ˆ,

ˆˆ33.2ˆ

:For

Four Commonly Used Confidence Levels

Confidence Level Multiplier.90 1.645.95 1.96.98 2.33.99 2.576

Medication side effects (confidence interval for p)Arthritis is a painful, chronic inflammation of the joints. An experiment on the side effects of pain relievers examined arthritis patients to find the proportion of patients who suffer side effects.

What are some side effects of ibuprofen?Serious side effects (seek medical attention immediately):

Allergic reaction (difficulty breathing, swelling, or hives),Muscle cramps, numbness, or tingling,Ulcers (open sores) in the mouth,Rapid weight gain (fluid retention),Seizures,Black, bloody, or tarry stools,Blood in your urine or vomit,Decreased hearing or ringing in the ears,Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes), orAbdominal cramping, indigestion, or heartburn,

Less serious side effects (discuss with your doctor):Dizziness or headache,Nausea, gaseousness, diarrhea, or constipation,Depression,Fatigue or weakness,Dry mouth, orIrregular menstrual periods

Calculate a 90% confidence interval for the population proportion p of arthritis patients who suffer some “adverse symptoms.”

* ˆ ˆˆ

.052(1 .052).052 1.645440

.052 1.645(0.011)

.052 .018

pqp zn

052.044023ˆ p

For a 90% confidence level, z* = 1.645.

We are 90% confident that the interval (.034, .070) contains the true proportion of arthritis patients that experience some adverse symptoms when taking ibuprofen.

90% CIfor :0.052 0.018 (.034,.070)

p

p̂

440 subjects with chronic arthritis were given ibuprofen for pain relief; 23 subjects suffered from adverse side effects.

* ˆ ˆˆ pqp zn

What is the sample proportion ?

Example: impact of sample size

)070,.034(.018.052.440

)052.1(052.645.1052. :CI%90

)059,.045(.007.052.1000

)052.1(052.645.1052. :CI%90

n=440: width of 90% CI: 2*.018 = .036n=1000: width of 90% CI: 2*.007=.014When the sample size is increased, the 90% CI is narrower

IMPORTANT

• The higher the confidence level, the wider the interval

• Increasing the sample size n will make a confidence interval with the same confidence level narrower (i.e., more precise)

Example

• Find a 95% confidence interval for p, the proportion of NCSU students that strongly favor the current lottery system for awarding tickets to football and men’s basketball games, if a random sample of 1000 students found that 50 strongly favor the current system.

Example (solution)

. , .p so q

501000 05 95and the confidence

interval is

.05 1.96 (.05)(.95)1000

= .05 .014

(.036, .064)

Interpreting Confidence Intervals• Previous example: .05±.014(.036, .064)• Correct: We are 95% confident that the interval

from .036 to .064 actually does contain the true value of p. This means that if we were to select many different samples of size 1000 and construct a 95% CI from each sample, 95% of the resulting intervals would contain the value of the population proportion p. (.036, .064) is one such interval. (Note that 95% refers to the procedure we used to construct the interval; it does not refer to the population proportion p)

• Wrong: There is a 95% chance that the population proportion p falls between .036 and .064. (Note that p is not random, it is a fixed but unknown number)

Determining Sample Size to Estimate p

To Estimate a Population Proportion p

• If you desire a C% confidence interval for a population proportion p with an accuracy specified by you, how large does the sample size need to be?

• We will denote the accuracy by ME, which stands for Margin of Error.

Required Sample Size n to Estimate a Population Proportion p

*

*

*

ˆ

ˆ

2

2

p MEpqCI for p : p zn

pqset z ME and solve for n:n

z pqn = ;(ME)

p1.96 pqpn

1.96 pqpn

.95

Confidence levelSampling distribution of

ME ME

2

2

set 1.96 and solve for

1.96

pqME nn

pqn

ME

p̂

What About p and q=1-p?*2

2z pqn = ; we don't know p or q;(ME)

TWO METHODS :1: if prior information is available concerningthe value of p, use that value of p to calculaten;2 : if no prior information about p is available,to o

btain a conservative estimate of the1required sample size, use p q2

Example: Sample Size to Estimate a Population Proportion p

• The U. S. Crime Commission wants to estimate p = the proportion of crimes in which firearms are used to within .02 with 90% confidence. Data from previous years shows that p is about .6

Example: Sample Size to Estimate a Population Proportion p (cont.)

*

*

2

2

2

2

z pqn = ; ME .02; p is estimated to(ME)

be about .6 from previous years' data;90% z 1.645

(1.645) (.6)(.4)n 1,623.6; n 1624(.02)

Example: Sample Size to Estimate a Population Proportion p

The Curdle Dairy Co. wants to estimate the proportion p of customers that will purchase its new broccoli-flavored ice cream.

Curdle wants to be 90% confident that they have estimated p to within .03. How many customers should they sample?

Example: Sample Size to Estimate a Population Proportion p (cont.)

• The desired Margin of Error is ME = .03• Curdle wants to be 90% confident, so

z*=1.645; the required sample size is

• Since the sample has not yet been taken, the sample proportion p is still unknown.

• We proceed using either one of the following two methods:

*2

2z pqn = (ME)

2

2(1.645) pqn

(.03)

Example: Sample Size to Estimate a Population Proportion p (cont.)• Method 1:

– There is no knowledge about the value of p– Let p = .5. This results in the largest possible n needed for

a 90% confidence interval of the form – If the proportion does not equal .5, the actual ME will be

narrower than .03 with the n obtained by the formula below.

03.p̂

2

2

1.645 .5 .5751.67 752

.03n

2

2

1.645 .2 .8481.07 482

.03n

• Method 2:– There is some idea about the value of p (say p ~ .2)– Use the value of p to calculate the sample size

*2

2z pqn = (ME)