Chapter 7: Completing the Revolution: 1780-1815. George Washington (1789-1797)
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Transcript of Chapter 7: Completing the Revolution: 1780-1815. George Washington (1789-1797)
The First CongressWhen it convened in 1789, the first Congress had a great
deal of work to doTaxes: passed a tariff as the chief source of incomeBill of Rights: James Madison proposed 19 amendments,
10 of which were ratifiedPresidential Cabinet: created the Departments of State,
War, and TreasuryCourts: passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, which created
the federal court system, including the Supreme CourtHad to deal with a very weak economy and crushing debt
Alexander Hamilton was appointed the first Secretary of the Treasury
His ideas helped to stabilize the economy and address debt
Hamilton’s Economic PlansIn 1790, issued his “Report on Public Credit”, outlining
the debts of the United States and his plans to address them and the economyFederal government would assume all debts, national and
state, left over from the RevolutionSecurities would be issued to creditors to pay off debtThe debt would be a permanent fixture, rather than
paying it offBank of the United States: created to manage debt and
taxesExcise taxes: issued on items such as alcohol, tea and
coffee to collect revenue and regulate to fund the debt
Opposition to HamiltonMany people opposed Hamilton’s plans, believing them
to closely resemble the tyranny that they fought to escapeBiggest critic was Thomas Jefferson
Supporters of Hamilton wanted a strong central government and the Bank, including George Washington
Supporters of Jefferson wanted less regulation and a farmer friendly economy
Compromise was made to accept the plan if the permanent capital was built in the SouthEventually, land in Virginia was used to build Washington,
DC
Foreign AffairsThe United States faced several struggles with foreign
nations in the 1790sAnglo-French War in 1793
Officially declared neutrality, but people chose their sidesCitizen Genet: French ambassador that attempted to gain
US support Angered Washington after he commissioned Americans to fight,
against the neutrality of the nation
Orders in CouncilIssued by Great Britain in response to GenetSeized American ships and impressed Americans into royal
serviceAided Native Americans in fighting settlers in the NW
Territory
Foreign AffairsBetween the Anglo-French War and escalation of
tribal violence in the west, Washington entered negotiations with Britain in 1794Sent John Jay to Britain, drafted Jay’s TreatyAddressed British occupation of forts on American
land, to which Britain promised to withdrawDid not address impressment or fair trade
Pinckney’s TreatyNegotiations between the US and SpainEnded a dispute of lands in the Southeast and gave
America access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans
Domestic AffairsThings weren’t any easier on the home front in the 1790sBattle of Fallen Timbers, 1794
Result of issues between tribes and settlers in NW TerritoryDefeated tribes near Toledo, OH, led by General “Mad
Anthony” WayneTreaty of Greenville: forced tribes to cede lands to white
settlers in Ohio and Indiana, causing more frictionsWhiskey Rebellion: skirmish in western PA in 1794
People refused to pay tax on whiskey, challenging federal authority
Washington sent army to Pittsburgh to end it, with little resistance
Washington’s Farewell and the Election of 1796In 1796, Washington was asked to run for a third term of
office, but he refusedFelt that change was needed to avoid looking like a kingSet a precedent that held until FDR in 1940
When he stepped down, he addressed the nation on several issuesAvoid political partiesAvoid getting involved in foreign affairs and treaties
Vice President John Adams was elected as the new presidentHis opposite, Thomas Jefferson, was elected vice presidentSet up a heated showdown in 1800
Adams’ PresidencyForeign relations were sticky as Adams came into
officeFrance broke off relations with the US after Jay’s
TreatyTo cool the tensions, Adams sent representatives to
France Resulted in the XYZ Affair
Three unnamed French officials refused to see the Americans Demanded a payment of $250,000 and a loan of $12 million “Not a sixpence” was paid, and the Americans returned home
In 1798, an undeclared naval war erupted between France and the United States
Adams’ Presidency Alien and Sedition Acts
Extended naturalization period from 5 to 14 yearsDeport immigrants without cause during wartime
and those “dangerous” to the United StatesPunished people that spoke ill of the government or
advocated disobedience Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Reaction by each state to the Alien and Sedition Acts
Nullified the laws, with the law not being renewed when it expired
Cost Adams reelection in 1800
Election of 1800One of the most important elections in the nation’s
historyPitted John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr in
a bitter partisan battle between Federalists (Adams) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson & Burr)Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 votes, eliminating AdamsThe House of Representatives were charged with electing
the PresidentFinally, after 35 votes, Jefferson was elected, with Burr as
Vice-PresidentA peaceful transfer of power took place as Adams
departed and Jefferson came in to officeSet a precedent that has existed since
Jefferson’s PresidencyOutlined his goals in his inaugural address
Smaller governmentElimination of a standing militaryProtection of civil liberties and states’ rights
Wanted to purge the government of his opponents, the FederalistsJohn Adams packed the courts with Federalist judges before
his departureRepealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, eliminating many judge
positionsMarbury v. Madison (1803)
Established the power of judicial reviewGives the courts power to decide on constitutionality of laws
made by the President and Congress
Jefferson’s PresidencyLouisiana: large tract of land controlled by Spain, ceded to
France in 1801Napoleon planned for a new French empireJefferson approached France about buying New Orleans to
keep American access to the Mississippi RiverInstead, Napoleon offered all of Louisiana for a price of $15
millionJefferson struggled with the constitutionality of the purchase,
but decided the benefits outweighed the consequences Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)
Meriwether Lewis and William ClarkSent by Jefferson to find a water route to the Pacific through
Louisiana and research the land, plants and animals of the purchase
Jefferson’s PresidencyFirst term of presidency a great successSecond term, not so muchWar broke out again between Great Britain and France in
1804, lasting until 1815America profited from selling goods to both sides early in the warBritain controlled the seas, France the lands of Europe, resulting
in stalemate France issued the Berlin Decree to prevent trade with Britain Britain issued the Orders in Council, preventing French trade
However, British action against the United States pushed the nation closer to warLed to the Embargo Act of 1808Outlawed trade with all foreign nations, destroying the US
economy
Madison’s PresidencyJames Madison was elected to the presidency in 1808
Inherited a terrible situation, foreign and domesticResponded to the Embargo Act with the Non-
Intercourse Act Opened up trade with foreign nations except France and
Britain Mostly ineffective
Macon’s Bill No. 2, 1810 Opened up trade to all, but reserved right to reinstate
embargo against belligerents France baited the United States into war with Britain by
reopening trade
By 1811, Congress was discussing was with Britain
The War of 1812To protect American interests, a group in Congress called
the War Hawks called for war declarationNative Americans led by Tecumseh in the Northwest
Territory were thought to be instigated by BritainDefeated by General William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe in
November 1811War Hawks outlined several British violations to justify war
Orders in Council and impressment of AmericansBritish spies in the United StatesInstigating the Native Americans on American soil
Madison addressed Congress in June 1812, calling for warWar declared on June 18, with no votes from Federalists
War of 1812Fought the British and Native Americans from 1812-1815
Tecumseh’s forces defeated at the Battle of the ThamesRed Stick faction in the South defeated at Horseshoe Bend
Many battles fought on the Great Lakes and in British controlled Canada
Final battle fought in January 1815 at New Orleans, a month after the war ended
Hartford Convention, 1814Federalist threat of secession over disagreement with the
warTreaty of Ghent
Restored previous bordersBritish agreed to leave forts in American territory