Chapter 7 Chapter 7 Drugs Having sniffed the dead mans lips, I detected a slightly sour smell, and I came to the conclusion that he had poison forced upon him. Sherlock Holmes, in Sir Arthur Conan Doyles A Study in Scarlet Chapter 7 CSI and Drugs something ironicCSI and Drugs Chapter 7 Drugs Apply deductive reasoning to a series of analytical data. Learn the limitations of presumptive (screening) tests. The dangers of using prescription drugs, controlled substances, over-the- counter medications, and illegal drugs. 2 You will: Chapter 7 Drugs Identify chemically identify illicit drug types. Classify the types of illicit drugs and their negative effects. Discuss the federal penalties for possession and use of controlled substances. Explain the need for confirmatory tests.. 3 You will: Chapter 7 In the United States, as much as 75 percent of the evidence being examined in forensic laboratories is considered drug related, either the drugs themselves or evidence from drug-related crimes. 4 Drugs and Crime A drug is a natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject psychologically or physiologically. Controlled substances are drugs that are restricted by law Controlled Substances Act is a law that was enacted in 1970; it lists illegal drugs, their category and their penalty for possession, sale or use. 5 Chapter 7 Hallucinogens are mostly naturally occurring substances that can change normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods marijuana, LSD, PCP 6 Chapter 7 Stimulants act on the central nervous system to make the user feel better and increase his or her energy alertness while suppressing appetite and fatigue caffeine, cocaine Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company7 Chapter 7 Narcotics analgesics: substances affecting the central nervous system to relieve pain. Mild analgesics are found in many over-the-counter (OTC) drugs such as aspirin, Tylenol, and Motrin. Narcotics are the opiates: heroin, morphine, codeine 9 Chapter 7 Depressants Slow central nervous system: Ethyl alcohol is a common depressant, barbiturates, Quaaludes 10 Chapter 7 Controlled Substances Schedule Ihigh potential for abuse; no currently acceptable medical use in the US; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision heroin (diacetylmorphine), LSD, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA) Schedule IIhigh potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence cocaine, morphine, amphetamines (including methamphetamines), PCP, Ritalin Schedule IIIlower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence intermediate acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids, ketamine Chapter 7 Schedule IVlow potential for abuse relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in III other stimulants and depressants including Valium, Xanax, Librium, phenobarbital, Darvon Schedule Vlow potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IV codeine found in low doses in cough medicines, and painkillers such as percocet, vicoden Chapter 7 Amphetamines - Includes: diet agents decongestants medication for parkinsons Cocaine Quinine can cross react with the following immunoassays : cocaine EIA but not cocaine FPIA Any drug with cain, or caine will show up. lidocaine, Novocain, Tylenol 3 with codeine, etc. They are all made from the same opiate family. If you have to take a test, just have a prescription available to prove its a prescription, not a drug habit. Many people have had false positives that have ruined their career or family. This is due to the fact that people metabolize drugs at different speeds. It is also caused by enzymes that break down the drugs. One person can have a different enzyme break down a drug resulting in a different metabolite showing up on a screen. Drug tests are never 100% accurate. Novocain may show up for amphetamine, cocaine, even opiates. I'm sure of this because I am a lab worker at a major testing corp. Chapter 7 Marijuana Sustiva can cross react with THC EIA Immunoassays cant distinguish between smoked marijuana and Marinol Opiates can cross react with antibiotics, levofloxacin and ofloxacin can yield false positive results for: imipramine papaverine rifampin Chapter 7 Benzodiazepines can cross react with oxaprozin (daypro) can cross react with diphenhydramine can cross react with sertaline (zoloft) False/positive results Barbituates primidone (mysoline) metabolized in the liver to phenylethylmalonamide and phenobasrbital which are excreted in the urine phenytoin can cross react Chapter 7 Identification of Drugs PDRPhysicians Desk Reference Field Testspresumptive tests Laboratory Testsconclusive tests Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company16 Chapter 7 PDR The Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) is a published compilation of manufacturers' prescribing information on prescription drugs, updated annually. While designed to provide physicians with the full legally mandated information relevant to writing prescriptions (just as its name suggests), it is widely available in libraries and bookstores, widely used by other medical specialists, and in significant part valuable to consumers. Chapter 7 it is used to identify manufactured pills, tablets and capsules. This can sometimes be a quick and easy identifier of the legally made drugs that may be found at a scene. The reference book gives a picture of the drug, whether it is a prescription, over the counter, or a controlled substance; as well as more detailed information about the drug. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company18 Chapter 7 Human Components Used for Drug Analysis Blood Urine Hair Gastric Contents Bile Liver tissue Brain tissue Kidney tissue Spleen tissue Vitreous Humor of the Eye Kendall/Hunt Publishing Com19 Chapter 7 The vitreous humor or body is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball. Chapter 7 Urine Testing General Precautions: should be taken to ensure that a urine sample cannot be altered or diluted during the collection or procedure and that the information on the urine bottle and the documentation can identify the individual from whom the sample was collected. Chapter 7 Drug Identification Screening or presumptive tests Spot or color tests Microcrystalline test a reagent is added that produces a crystalline precipitate which is unique for a certain drug. Chromatography Confirmatory tests Spectrophotometry Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Infrared (IR) Mass spectrometry Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company22 Chapter 7 Presumptive Color Tests Marquisturns purple in the presence of most opium derivatives and orange-brown with amphetamines Dillie-Koppanyiturns violet- blue in the presence of barbiturates Duquenois-Levineturns a purple color in the presence of marijuana Van Urkturns a blue-purple in the presence of LSD Scott testcolor test for cocaine, blue Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company23 Chapter 7 SALIVA (ORAL FLUID) DRUG TESTING USED FOR MANY YEARSCAN USE IMMUNOASSAY, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OR GC/MS Chapter 7 Chromatography A technique for separating mixtures into their components Includes two phasesa mobile one that flows past a stationary one. The mixture interacts with the stationary phase and separates. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company25 Chapter 7 Types of Chromatography Paper Thin Layer (TLC) Gas (GC) Pyrolysis Gas (PGC) Liquid (LC) High Pressure Liquid (HPLC) Column Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company26 Chapter 7 Paper Chromatography Stationary phase paper Mobile phasea liquid solvent Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company27 Capillary action moves the mobile phase through the stationary phase Chapter 7 Thin Layer Chromatography Stationary phase a thin layer of coating (usually alumina or silica) on a sheet of plastic or glass Mobile phase a liquid solvent Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company28 Chapter 7 Retention Factor (R f ) how far a compound travels This is a number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled. If the R f value for an unknown compound is close to or the same as that for the known compound, the two compounds are likely similar or identical (a match). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company29 Chapter 7 Gas Chromatography Phases Stationarya solid or a viscous liquid that lines a tube or column Mobilean inert gas like nitrogen or helium Analysis Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present Uses retention time instead of R f for the qualitative analysis Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company30 Chapter 7 Uses of Gas Chromatography Not considered a confirmation of a controlled substance Used as a separation tool for mass spectroscopy (MS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) Used to quantitatively measure the concentration of a sample. (In a courtroom, there is no real requirement to know the concentration of a substance. It does not affect guilt or innocence). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company31 Chapter 7 Spectroscopy Spectroscopythe interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Spectrophotometeran instrument used to measure and record the absorption spectrum of a chemical substance. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company32 Chapter 7 Spectrophotometry Components A radiation source A frequency selector A sample holder A detector to convert electromagnetic radiation into an electrical signal A recorder to produce a record of the signal Types Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company33 Chapter 7 Infrared Spectometry Material absorbs energy in the near-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Compares the IR light beam before and after passing through a transparent sample. Resultan absorption or transmittance spectrum Gives a unique view of the substance; like a fingerprint Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company34 Chapter 7 Mass Spectrometry Gas chromatography has one major drawback, it does not give a specific identification. Mass spectrometry cannot separate mixtures. By combining the two (GCMS), constituents of mixtures can be specifically identified. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company35 Chapter 7 Mass Spectrometry In a mass spectrometer, an electron beam is directed at sample molecules in a vacuum chamber. The electrons break apart the sample molecules into many positive charged fragments. These are sorted and collected according to their mass-to-charge ratio by an oscillating electric or a magnetic field. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company36 Chapter 7 Mass Spectra Each molecular species has its own unique mass spectrum. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company37 Chapter 7 IR Spectrophotometry and Mass Spectrometry Both work well in identifying pure substances. Mixtures are difficult to identify in both techniques Both are compared to a catalog of knowns Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company38 Chapter 7 People of Historical Significance Arthur Jeffrey Dempster was born in Canada, but studied and received his PhD from the University of Chicago. He began teaching physics there in In 1918, Dempster developed the first modern mass spectrometer. His version was over 100 times more accurate than previous ones developed, and established the basic theory and design of mass spectrometers that is still used to this day. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company39 Chapter 7 People of Historical Significance Francis William Aston was a British physicist who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in the invention of the mass spectrograph. He used a method of electromagnetic focusing to separate substances. This enabled him to identify no fewer than 212 of the 287 naturally occurring elemental isotopes. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company40 Chapter 7 Drug Sniffing Wasps