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Transcript of Chapter 7 Biological Oxidation. Biological oxidation is the cellular process in which the organic...
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Chapter 7Chapter 7
Biological Biological OxidationOxidation
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Biological oxidation is the cellular process in which the organic substances release energy (ATP), produce CO2 and H2O through oxidative-reductive reactions.
organic substances: carbohydrate, fat and protein
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7.1 Principal of Redox Reaction7.1 Principal of Redox Reaction
The electron-donating molecule in a oxidation-reduction reaction is called the reducing agent or reductant;
the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant:for example:
Fe2+ (ferrous) lose -e
Fe3+ (ferric) gain +e
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Several forms of Biological OxidationSeveral forms of Biological Oxidation
1. Loss of electrons2. Dehydrogenation 3. Oxygenation
Redox reaction = reduction-oxidation reactionSeveral forms of Biological ReductionSeveral forms of Biological Reduction
1. Gain of electrons2. Hydrogenation 3. Deoxygenation
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oxidation-reduction potential ( or redox potential), E : it is a measure of the affinity of a substance for electrons. It decide the loss (or the gain) of electrons.A positive E: the substance has a higher affinity for electrons , accept electrons easily.A negative E: the substance has a lower affinity for electrons , donate electrons easily.
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E0`, the standard redox potential for a substance :is measured under stander condition(25℃, 1mmol/L reaction substance),at pH7, and is expressed in volts.
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Section 7.2Section 7.2
Respiration Chain and Respiration Chain and Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation
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7.2.1 Respiratory Chain 7.2.1 Respiratory Chain
•Term: A chain in the mitochondria consists o
f a number of redox carriers for transferring electrons from the substrate to molecular oxygen to form oxygen ion, which combines with protons to form water.
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1.Complex I: NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
NADH:CoQ oxidoreductase
2.Complex II: Succinate dehydrogenase
3.Complex III: cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinone Cyt c
oxidoreductase)4.Complex IV: cytochrome oxidase
Redox carriers including 4 protein complexes
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Complex IComplex I ( (NADH:ubiquinoneNADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductaseoxidoreductase))
• Function: transfer electrons from NADH to CoQ
• Components: NADH dehydrogenase (FMN) Iron-sulfur proteins (Fe-S)
complex Ⅰ
NADH→ →Co
Q
FMN; Fe-SN-1a,b; Fe-SN-4; Fe-SN-3; Fe-SN-2
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R=H: NAD+; R=H2PO3:NADP+
1. NAD(P)+: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)
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Oxidation of NADH is a 2-Oxidation of NADH is a 2-electron(2e), 2-proton(2H) electron(2e), 2-proton(2H)
reactionreaction
NAD+ or NADP+ NADH or NADPH
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2. FMN can transfer 1 or 2 hydride 2. FMN can transfer 1 or 2 hydride ions each timeions each time
Accepts 1 H+ and 1 e-
to form semiquinone = stable free radical
Accepts 2 H+ and 2 e-
to give fully reduced form
FMN: flavin mononucleotide
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3. Iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) 3. Iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) transfers 1-electron at a time, transfers 1-electron at a time,
without proton involvedwithout proton involved
FeFe3+3++e+e- - Fe Fe2+2+
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4.4.UbiquinoneUbiquinone ( (CoQCoQ) ) isis lipid-soluble lipid-soluble, not a c, not a component of complex omponent of complex ⅠⅠ,, can transfer 1 or 2 hydridcan transfer 1 or 2 hydrid
e ions each time.e ions each time. Function:Function: transfer electrons and protons from ctransfer electrons and protons from c
omplex Ⅰ,Ⅱto complex Ⅲ.omplex Ⅰ,Ⅱto complex Ⅲ.
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NADH+H+
NAD+
FMN
FMNH2
Reduced Fe-S
Oxidized Fe-S
Q
QH2
MatrixMatrix
Intermembrane space
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Complex IIComplex II:: SuccinateSuccinate dehydrogenasedehydrogenase ( (SuccinateSuccinate: CoQ oxid: CoQ oxid
oreductaseoreductase))• Function: transfer electrons from succina
te to CoQ• Components: Succinate dehydrogenase (FAD, Fe-S) Cytochrome b560
Complex ⅡSuccinate→ →CoQ Fe-S1; b560; FAD; Fe-S2 ; Fe-S3
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Fe3++e- Fe3++e- Fe2+ Fe2+
Cytochromes a, b, c are heme proteins, their hCytochromes a, b, c are heme proteins, their heme irons participate redox reactions of e- traeme irons participate redox reactions of e- transportnsport..
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Succinate
MatrixMatrix
Intermembrane space
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Complex III:Complex III: cytochrome bc1cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinone Cyt c(ubiquinone Cyt c
oxidoreductase)oxidoreductase)
• Function: transfer electrons from CoQ to cytochrome c
• Components: iron-sulfur protein cytochrome b(b562, b566) cytochrome c1
complex Ⅲ QH2→ →Cyt c
b562; b566; Fe-S; c1
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MatrixMatrix
Intermembrane space
Cytochrome c is soluble, which will transfer electrons to complex Ⅳ
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Complex IVComplex IV:: cytochrome cytochrome oxidaseoxidase
• Function: transfer electrons from Cyt c to molecule oxygen, the final electron acceptor.
• Components: cytochrome aa3
copper ion (Cu2+) Cu2+ + e- Cu+
Complex IV
Cyt c → → O2
CuA→a→a3→CuB
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Coenzyme Qubiquinone/ol
Cytochrome c
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Sequence of respiratory Sequence of respiratory chainchain
Principles:• e- tend to flow from a redox pair with a lower
E°to one with a higher E°• In the e--transport chain, e--carriers are
arranged in order of increasing redox potential, making possible the gradual release of energy stored in NADH, FADH2
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氧化还原对 Eº' (V)
NAD+/NADH+H+ -0.32
FMN/ FMNH2 -0.30
FAD/ FADH2 -0.06
Cyt b Fe3+/Fe2+ 0.04(或0.10)Q10/Q10H2 0.07
Cyt c1 Fe3+/ Fe2+ 0.22
Cyt c Fe3+/Fe2+ 0.25
Cyt a Fe3+ / Fe2+ 0.29
Cyt a3 Fe3+ / Fe2+ 0.55
1/2 O2/ H2O 0.82
呼吸链中各种氧化还原对的标准氧化还原电位Redox potential redox pair E0
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There are two respiratory chains• NADH respiratory chain NADH Complex Ⅰ CoQ Complex Ⅲ cytochrome c Complex Ⅳ O2
• Succinate (FADH2) respiratory chain Succinate ComplexⅡ CoQ ComplexⅢ c
ytochrome c ComplexⅣ O2
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NADH respiration
chain
FADH2
respiration chain
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• The oxidation of organic nutritions produces the energy-rich molecules, NADH and FADH2.
• The oxidation of NADH or FADH2 in mitochondrial is the electron transferring through respiration chain.
• The free energy produced in electron transferring supports the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.
• The oxidation of NADH or FADH2 and the formation of ATP are coupled process, called Oxidation Phosphorylation.
7.2.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation7.2.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation
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The Chemiosmotic TheoryThe Chemiosmotic Theory
• The free energy of electron transport is conserved by pumping protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space so as to create an electrochemical H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electrochemical potential of this gradient is harnessed to synthesize ATP.
Peter Mitchell
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EElectrochemical Hlectrochemical H++ gradient gradient ((Proton-motive forceProton-motive force))
2 components involved1. Chemical potential energy
due to difference in [H+] in two regions separated
by a membrane2. Electrical potential energy
that results from the separation of charge when a proton moves across the membrane without a electron.
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Complex I:4 H+ expelled per e--pair transferred to Q
Complex III:4 H+ expelled pere--pair transferredto Cyt c
Complex IV:2e- + 2 H+ from matrix convert ½ O2 to H2O; 2 further H+ expelled from matrix
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Conformation 1(high affinity for H+)
Conformation 2(low affinity for H+).
Proton pumping:Proton pumping: Reduction-Reduction-dependentdependent conformational switch ofconformational switch of an an e--transport complexe--transport complex
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Inner
Membrane
ATP SynthaseATP SynthaseIntermembrane space
MatrixMatrix
(ab2c9-12)
(α3β3γδε)
C ring
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Each of 3 -subunitscontains an active site
F1: multisubunitcomplex that catalyzesATP synthesis
F0 = proton-conductingtransmembrane unit
β-subunit take up ADP and Pi to form ATP
ADP + Pi ATP
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H+ flow
β-subunit has three conformations:T (tight), L (loose), O (open)
When protons flow back through F0 channel, γ-subunit is rotated by the rotation of c ring, then the conformations of β-subunits are changed, this lead to the synthesis and release of ATP. To form a ATP need 3 protons flow into matrix.
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F0
F1
胞液侧
基质侧
ATP4-
ADP3- H2PO4- ATP4- H+
H+
H2PO4-
H2PO4-
ADP3-
ADP3-
H+
H+
Intermembrane space
MatrixMatrix
Translocation of ATP , ADP and Pi.
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P/O ratiosP/O ratios• P/O ratio is the rate of phosphate
incorporated into ATP to atoms of O2 utilized. It measure the number of ATP molecules formed per two electrons transfer through the respiratory chain.
• NADH respiratory chain : 2.5,
• FADH2 respiratory chain: 1.5
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• During two electrons transfer through NADH respiratory chain, ten protons are pumped out of the matrix.
• To synthesis and translocation an ATP, four protons are needed.
• So, two electrons transport can result in 2.5 ATP.
• To succinate respiratory chain , two electrons transport can result in 1.5 ATP.
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Regulation of Oxidative PhosphorylatRegulation of Oxidative Phosphorylationion
• 1.PMF (proton motive force) regulate the electron transport.
higher PMF lower rate of transport• 2.ADP concentration resting condition: energy demanded is l
ow, ADP concentration is low, the speed of Oxidative Phosphorytion is low.
active condition: the speed is high.
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Inhibitor of Oxidative PhosphoInhibitor of Oxidative Phosphorylationrylation
• 1.Inhibitor of electron transport
××
××
××
Retonone Amytal
Antimycin ASuccinate Cyanide, AzideCarbon Monoxide
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ⅠⅠ
Ⅳ Ⅳ
Cyt c
FF00
FF11
• 2.Uncoupling agents uncoupling protein (in brown adipose tissue), 2,4-dinitrophenol, Pentachlorophenol
HH+ +
HH+ +
ⅡⅡ
ⅢⅢ
Intermenbran space
Matrix
uncoupling protein
Q
H
+ H+
2,4-dinitrophnolADP+Pi ATP
heat
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Intermembrane space
MatrixMatrixOligomycinOligomycin
C ring
3.Oligomycin bonds at the connection of F0 and F1, inhibit the function of ATP synthase.
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OligomycinOligomycin
Ⅱ
Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅳ
Succinate
Ⅴ
××
××
××××××
Uncoupling agent
Retonone Amytal Antimycin A
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ATP and other Energy-rich compountsATP and other Energy-rich compounts
2P
OH
OH
OH
O O
OH
HHOH OH
HH
N
N
N
N
OO CHO
NH2
= p p
OH OH
ATPADP
AMP
~ ~
ATP has two energy-rich phosphoric acid anhydride bonds, the hydrolysis of each bond release more energy than simple phosphate esters.
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Some Energy-rich compounds
ΔGº’Structure Exemple
phosphoenolpyruvate
creatine phosphate
acetyl phosphate
Acetyl CoA
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• The hydrolysis of energy-rich bond: ΔGº’ = -5 ~ -15kcal/mol• The compounds with energy-rich bond ar
e high-energy compounds. • The hydrolysis of low-energy bond: ΔGº’ = -1 ~ -3kcal/mol • The compounds with low energy bond are
low-energy compounds.
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Transport of high-energy bond Transport of high-energy bond energiesenergies
• 1.Substrate level phosphorylation Glycerate 1,3-biphosphate + ADP Glycerate 3-phosphate +ATP ΔGº’ = -4.5kcal/mol Phosphoenolpyruvate +ADP Pyruvate + ATP ΔGº’ = -7.5kcal/mol
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~P~P
~P~P
ADP
ATP
Substrate level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
Phosphorylation Energy
utilization
2.ATP is the center of energy producing and utilizing.
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3.Other nucleoside triphosphates are i3.Other nucleoside triphosphates are involved in energy transportnvolved in energy transport..
• GTP: gluconeogenesis protein synthesis• UTP: glycogen• CTP: lipid synthesis
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4.Transport of the terminal 4.Transport of the terminal phosphate bond of ATP to the phosphate bond of ATP to the
other nucleosideother nucleoside
• Function of nucleoside diphosphate kinase
ATP + UDP ADP + UTP ATP + CDP ADP + CTP ATP + GDP ADP + GTP
• Function of adenylate kinase ADP + ADP ATP + AMP
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7.3 Energy from cytosolic NAD7.3 Energy from cytosolic NADHH
• A mitochondrial NADH produce 2.5 ATP• A cytosolic NADH must be transported in
to mitochondrial for oxidation by two methods.
Glycerol phosphate shuttle 1.5 ATP Malate aspartate shuttle 2.5 ATP
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Glycerol phosphate shuttle
FADH2
NAD+
FAD
Intermembranspace
Electron chain
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
PiCH2O-
CH2OH
C=O
PiCH2O-
CH2OH
C=O
Glycerol
phosphate
PiCH2O-
CH2OH
CHOH
PiCH2O-
CH2OH
CHOH
NADH+H+
Glycerol
phosphate
dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Inner menbran
Glycerol
phosphate
dehydrogenase
Glycerol
phosphate
dehydrogenase
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NADH +H+
NAD+
NADH +H+
NAD+
Malate α-ketoglutarate
carrier
Glutamate-aspartate carrier
-OOC-CH2-C-COO-
O
oxaloacetate
cytosol inner mitochondrial
membran matrix
Electron chain
Aspartate
-OOC-CH
2-C-COO
-
H3N
+
H
-OOC-CH2-C-COO-
OH
HMalate
Malate
Aspartate
Glutamate Glutamate
α-ketoglutarateα-ketoglutarate
oxaloacetate
Malate aspartate shuttle
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7.4 Other Biological Oxidations7.4 Other Biological Oxidations
• Monoxygenases dioxygenase --add 2 atoms of O2
oxygenase to organic compounds. monoxygenase (mixed-function oxidase, hy
droxylase) --adds 1 oxygen atom to organic compound
s as a hydroxyl group.RH + NADPH + H+ + O2 ROH + NADP+ + H2O
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The chief compounds of monoxygenase:
Cyt b5, Cyt P450, Cyt P450 reductase(FAD,FMN)
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Free Radical Scavenging Free Radical Scavenging EnzymesEnzymes
Free Radical: the groups with an unpaired electron. (such as O2
﹣ 、 H2O2 、• OH)1.Superoxide dismutases(SODs)
2O2﹣+ 2H+ H2O2 + O2
SOD
H2O + O2
peroxidase
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• 2.Glutathione peroxidase
GlutathionGlutathione peroxidase peroxidas
ee
H2O2
(ROOH)
H2O(ROH+H2O)
2G –SH
G –S – S – G
NADP+
Glutathione reductase
NADPH+H+
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• 3.Catalase (in peroxisomes)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
catalase
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summarysummary