Chapter 7
description
Transcript of Chapter 7
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CHAPTER 7Cells and Organelles
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Background
Every living thing is made of cells Robert Hooke coined the term
“cells” Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
discovered the 1st living cell
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Cell Theory The Cell Theory states that: All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of organization in all organisms.
All cells come from pre-existing cells
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Levels of organization Smallest living unit is the cell
Cells
Tissues
Organs
OrganSystem
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Types of cellsTwo types of cells
Prokaryotes – simple cells, bacteria
Eukaryotes – complex cells, animal and plant
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Inside the cellInside the cell there are smaller parts called organelles Organelle means ‘little organ’
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Plasma Membrane The plasma membrane, aka
the cell membrane, surrounds the cell It is present in all cells Function – controls what enters
and leaves the cell Selectively permeable – selects what moves through it
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Plasma membraneStructure
Phospholipid bilayer
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Cell WallSurrounds some cells
Plant cells, fungi cells, and bacteria cells
Tough and ridged Made of cellulose
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Nucleus Controls everything in the cell
Reproduction, movement, eatingOnly present in eukaryotic cellsContains all genetic information
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Nucleus Surrounding the nucleus is the nuclear envelope
Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus The nucleolus produces an organelle called the ribosomes
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Ribosome Ribosomes are the site of
protein synthesis Found all over the cell
In cytoplasm On Rough ER
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Two types: smooth and rough Smooth – stores lipids Rough – after the ribosomes
make proteins the rough ER packages them in vesicles to move around, or out of, the cell
Rough because it is covered in ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus Modifies and sorts proteins before they are sent out of the cell
Notice increased Surface areaStacked like pancakes
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Production of Proteins Each organelle has a role to play in the
production of proteins
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Vacuole Main function is storage In both plant and animal cells,
but they are much larger in plant cells
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Mitochondria Produces energy for the cell Does this through a process
called cellular respiration Many folds to increase surface
area called Cristae
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Chloroplast Produce sugar, or food, by using
light energy This process is called photosynthesis
Found in plant cells and protist cells
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LysosomeThe lysosomes job is to digest things that are no longer needed by the cell Contain special enzymes to do this
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Animal VS Plant Cell
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Stem cells Eukaryotic organisms begin as a
mass of cells Each cell has the same DNA so how
do we end up with hundreds of cell types?
It has to do with the DNA!!
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Stem Cells Cell differentiation- happens only
specific parts of the DNA are activated. the parts of the DNA that are activated determine the function and specialized structure of a cell.
Once a cell is differentiated it can not be reversed.
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Stem Cells Stem cells have not differentiated yet They have the ability to become any
cell! Embryonic stem cells – found in the embryo Adult stems cells – found in adult living
organisms (example – bone marrow) Both types have potential to be come
specialized cells Important because it can turn into ANY
cell!!!! CONTROVERSIES???