BACTERIAChapter 7

3 BASIC SHAPES OF BACTERIA

1. spherical – cocci (singular coccus)

2. rod shaped – bacilli (singular bacillus)

3. spiral – spirilla (singular spirillum)

PARTS OF BACTERIAL CELL Cytoplasm Cell membrane cell wall 1 circular

chromosome Plasmid

(smaller piece of DNA)

ribosomes

SPECIAL FEATURES capsule – thick

sticky gel –like layer around outside of cell wall

Protects bacteria from destruction by other cells

Help it to stick to surfaces

Slime layer – helps bacteria to stick to surfaces Reduces water loss

Flagella – help them to move

CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA Found

everywhere on earth

Smaller than plant and animal cells

One-celled organism

Grow alone or in groups or chains

REPRODUCTION Sexual

reproduction – conjugationRequires a joining

of cells to exchange genetic material

Draw this diagram

REPRODUCTION Asexual -

binary fissionSplitting in two

OBTAINING FOOD Producers Autotrophs Make own food –

contain chlorophyll

Consumers – eat other organisms

Heterotrophs Consumers –

Decompose dead or decaying matter

Parasites Live off living organisms

and absorb nutrition from hosts.

E. coli

AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC Aerobic –

bacteria that need oxygen to live

Anaerobic – bacteria that do not need oxygen to live

ARCHAEBACTERIA Found in extreme

conditions Salty - halophites Boiling hot-

thermophites acidic Methane

producers Muddy swamps Intestines of cattleUs

Pneumonia bacteria

BACTERIA SUBGROUPS Eubacteria -

cyanobacteria – blue green bacteria Make own food O2 waste Red, black, or yellow

Importance; Make Oxygen for

organisms that live in water

Used as food source

CYANOBACTERIA Eubacteria Autotrophs Cyano – blue/green

bacteria - yellow, red

and black Single celled Colonies – chains or

filaments Reproduce – fission Used as food by fish

Disadvantages:Bloom – mat of

bubbly green slime on water

Resources used up and bacterial die

Consumer bacteria feed on it and use up oxygen. Organisms that live in water die

WHAT KINDS OF BACTERIA ARE SHOWN BELOW?

LAB PAGE 192 TEXTBOOK

Nostoc

Oscillatoria

GloeocapsaAnabaena

Page 191 Numbers;1,2,3,5,6On loose leaf to be handed in

BACTERIA IN YOUR LIFESECTION 8-2 Beneficial bacteria

Saprophyte – organism that uses dead material as food and energy

Digest dead organismsRecycle nutrientsUsed to make cheese, sauerkraut,

vinegar,medications

NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA

Beneficial bacteria Nodules – found on

plants that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria - legumes Ex. Peanuts, peas, soybeans Take nitrogen from air for

plants to use In return plant gives bacteria

sugar. Helps fertilize soil Helps other organisms to

produce protein Mutualism – organisms help

each other to live

HARMFUL BACTERIA Pathogen – any organism that

produces disease Ex: anthrax in cattle Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough Antibiotic – substance produced by

one organism that inhibits or kills another organismEx. Penicillin, prevents bacteria from

making cell walls. W/o cannot survive

VACCINE- Made from damaged particles from

bacteria’s cell walls, or killed or weakened bacteria cells.

- When injected the white blood cells recognize that bacteria and attack it.

TOXINS Produced by

pathogens Poisons Ex. Botulism – food

poisoning - can

cause paralysis and

death Clostridium

botulumum

Endospores – thick walled structure around bacteria to protect them from heat or dryness

- can exist for years until right conditions for growth

- some anaerobic and grow in cans

HOW ENDOSPORES ARE FORMED

1. Copy of chromosome 2. Cell membrane pinches

off copy 3. Mother cell swallows

daughter cell. Now, two membranes layers surround daughter cell

4. Thick wall/spore coat is made

5. Tough outer coating made

6. Mother cell withers away.

7. Spore made.

PASTEURIZATION Process of heating food to a

temperature that kills harmful bacteria

COMPLETE IN NOTEBOOK Page 191

Self Check 1,2,3,4,5

Applying Math

Page 205 Applying Math 29 and 30

A. Draw and label this bacterial cell.

1

7

6

5

4

32

What shape bacteria?

B