Chapter 6Chapter 6 SP (Spontaneous Potential) Log ... Rw Calculation from SP Log Rw Calculation from...
Transcript of Chapter 6Chapter 6 SP (Spontaneous Potential) Log ... Rw Calculation from SP Log Rw Calculation from...
Chapter 6
SP (Spontaneous Potential) Log
Lecture notes for PET 370
Spring 2012
Prepared by: Thomas W. Engler,
Ph.D., P.E.
+
-
+ -
Concentrated NaCl Sol’n
Dilute NaCl Sol’n
Cl -
Na +
Diffusion Potential
Porous medium
+
-
+ -
Concentrated NaCl Sol’n
Dilute NaCl Sol’n
Cl -
Na +
Membrane Potential
Shale membrane
SP Log Background
Schematic of diffusion-potential
generating cell Schematic of a membrane-potential
generating cell
Definition of Potential Cells
SP Log Background
Origin of SP Curve
Electrochemical
Membrane potential
Electrochemical
Diffusion potential
Electrokinetic
potentials
SP (Spontaneous Potential) Log
A. Identifying permeable bed boundaries
B. Stratigraphic correlations
C. Determination of formation resistivity factor, F
D. Estimation of shale content (Vsh) for shaly sand
formations.
E. Determination of formation water resistivity, Rw
F. All of the above
USES
The SP log is used for:
SP (Spontaneous Potential) Log USES
The SP log was one of the first logs run by the Schlumberger
Brothers in the 1930s. What is the first name of the two
Brothers?
Conrad and Marcel
SP Log
Estimation of shale content Vsh
Schematic SP curve in sand/shale sequence
(Bassiouni, 1994)
Application
Assumptions
zones of same salinity, shale
type....
Typically, overestimates volume of
shale
Vsh = ?
Vsh = ?
Vsh = ?
0%
100%
30%
SP Log Application
Identification of boundaries (Helander, 1983)
SP Log Application
Stratigraphic Correlation
SP Log Application-Rw
Procedure to Obtain Rw
• Identify the shale baseline and clean sand lines on the SP log. The
difference is SP.
• Calculate the formation temperature
• Convert (Rmf)Tm => (Rmf)Tf
• If necessary, correct SP for bed thickness and invasion effects. Read bed
thickness, h and invaded resistivity, Ri. Obtain SSP.
• If necessary, Convert Rmf @ Tf to Rmfe @ Tf.
• Calculate Rwe by:
• Convert Rwe to Rw.
f0.133T61
SSP
10*mfe
Rwe
R
SP Log Application-Rw
Bed thickness/invasion correction
(Western Atlas, 1992)
SP Log Application-Rw
Procedure to Obtain Rw
• Identify the shale baseline and clean sand lines on the SP log. The
difference is SP.
• Calculate the formation temperature
• Convert (Rmf)Tm => (Rmf)Tf
• If necessary, correct SP for bed thickness and invasion effects. Read bed
thickness, h and invaded resistivity, Ri. Obtain SSP.
• If necessary, Convert Rmf @ Tf to Rmfe @ Tf.
• Calculate Rwe by:
• Convert Rwe to Rw.
f0.133T61
SSP
10*mfe
Rwe
R
SP Log Application-Rw
Procedures to Obtain Rw
Rmfe=0.03
Rw=0.20
SP Log Application-Rw
Example
SP = mV
Ri = ohmm
H = ft
-68
-68
4 4 25
25
SP Log Application-Rw
Example
The example is a SP - resistivity log over a series of sands and shales.
Referring to the figure, compute Rw for zone A. The following information is
given:
TTD= 196 deg F @ TD = 9,400 ft. Gulf Coast well
Rmf = 0.71 @ Tm =68 deg. F Rm = 1.00 @ Tm =68 deg. F
Step 1: Determine the SP value as the difference between the shale baseline
and the thick, clean sand line. The shale line is taken as the maximum SP
excursion to the right. The sand line is taken as the maximum deflection to the
left in the zone of interest.
Step 1: The shale baseline and clean sand line are drawn on the figure.
SP = -68 mV is the potential difference.
Step 2: The formation temperature is obtained by linear interpolation between
the mean surface temperature and the recorded bottomhole temperature from
the log.
SP Log Application-Rw
Example
Step 2: The formation temperature can be computed by:
Step 3: The Rmf and Rm at a measured temperature from the log heading, must
be converted to formation temperature.
Step 3: The Rmf at formation temperature is:
Similarly, Rm = 0.55 ohm-m @ Tf
Step 4: The SP reading must be corrected for bed thickness and resistivity
effects. Thin beds and deep invasion reduce the amplitude of the SP to less
than the desired SSP. Enter the figure with the bed thickness and invaded-zone
resistivity from a short normal, SFL or LL8 and estimate the correction factor.
F 129 = 75+9400
417075)-(196 = T f
m- 0.39 = 6.77+129
6.77+68 0.71 = ) fRmf(
SP Log Application-Rw
Example
Step 4: Bed thickness = 25ft.; Ri, = 4 ohm-m from the 16" short normal; thus
Ri/Rm = 7.2 7.5.
From the figure the correction factor = 1.00.
SP Log Application-Rw
Example
Step 5: The mud filtrate resistivity (Rmf) at formation temperature calculated
from Step 3, must be corrected to Rmfe, for use in the SSP equation. The
term equivalent is a result of two assumptions in formulating the SSP
equation:
(1) formation water and mud filtrate are NaCl solutions, and
(2) activity ratios can be replaced by resistivity ratios.
Use the figure to convert from Rmf Rmfe and from Rwe Rw
(Do not use the dashed lines, they are for gyp-based muds).
SP Log Application-Rw
Procedures to Obtain Rw
Rmfe=0.39
Step 5: Since Rmf > 0. 25 then Rmfe =
Rmf= 0.39 ohm-m.
SP Log Application-Rw
Example
Step 6: Calculate Rwe by using:
Step 6: Calculate the equivalent formation water resistivity.
Step 7: Use the equivalence conversion chart to convert Rwe to Rw.
100.133T+61
SSP
*Rmfe = Rwe
m- 0.052 = 10
0.133(129)+61
68-
*0.39 = Rwe
SP Log Application-Rw
Example
Step 7:
Rw = 0. 060 ohm-m
Rw = 0.06
SP Log Application-Rw
Exercise
SP Log Application-Rw
Exercise
Rw Calculation from SP Log Rw Calculation from SP Log
Input Data Calculations
Well Name Problem 6.1 Temp. gradient 0.99 deg. F/100 ft
Formation Name Morrow Sandstone Average formation depth 8126 ft.
Formation temperature,Tf 140 deg. F.
Bottom Hole Temperature 164 deg. F
Mean Surface Temperature 60 deg. F. KC 79.7
Total Depth of Well 10500 ft. Rmf @ Tf 1.04 - m
Depth to top of formation 8114 ft. Rm @ Tf 1.30 - m
Depth to bottom of formation 8138 ft.
Bed thickness, h 24 ft.
Mud Properties Resistivity ratio 49.87
Mud filtrate resistivity,Rmf 2 - m SP correction factor 1.08
Measured temp. of Rmf 70 deg. F. SSP -76 mV
Mud resistivity, Rm 2.50 - m
Measured temp. of Rm 70 deg. F. Rmf(eq) 1.043 - m
Rw(eq) 0.118 - m
Bed Thickness Correction
Invaded zone resistivity,Ri 65.0 - m Rw 0.132 - m
SP deflection -70 mV
SP Log References
Bassiouni, Z: Theory, Measurement, and Interpretation of Well Logs, SPE
Textbook Series, Vol. 4, (1994)
Chapter 6
Dewan, J.T.: Essentials of Modern Openhole Log Interpretation, Pennwell
Publishing, Ok (1983)
Helander, D.P.: Fundamentals of Formation Evaluation, OGCI
Publications,Tulsa, OK (1983)
Schlumberger, Log Interpretation Charts, Houston, TX (1995)
Western Atlas, Log Interpretation Charts, Houston, TX (1992)