Chapter 6 2

Abortion

Chapter 6 3

Hepatitis A-B CDiseases Affecting the Liver

• Hepatitis A: acute (short-term) infection spread through feces or contaminated water or food. Most patients recover completely within

6 to 10 weeks

• Hepatitis B: People with HBV who have not cleared the virus after six months are considered to have chronic hepatitis B — Worldwide, chronic hepatitis B is the leading cause of liver cancerS

• Sixth leading cause of liver transplantation Highly Contagious: 50 to 100 times more contagious than HIV

• Hepatitis C: spread through infected blood and body fluids~ No vaccine ~Approximately 85% of those infected will develop a chronic condition.

Chapter 6 4

• Hepatitis B

• People with Hepatitis B (HBV) who have not cleared the virus after six months are considered to have chronic hepatitis B —

• Worldwide, chronic hepatitis B is the leading cause of liver cancer• Sixth leading cause of liver transplantation • Highly Contagious: 50 to 100 times more contagious than HIV

Spread by • Direct blood-to-blood contact • Unprotected sex • Unsterile needles • From an infected mother to her baby during childbirth • From tattooing, body piercing or acupuncture with infected needles • Shaving razors, toothbrushes, earrings or other personal items that may

come in contact with blood • HBV is not transmitted casually and cannot be spread through

sneezing, coughing, hugging or food or water.

Chapter 6 5

Abortion

Ch. 6• Definition

• Statistics

• Types

• Moral Considerations

• Contributing Factors

• Prevention

Chapter 6 6

How Abortion is Provided

• Interruption in Pregnancy

– Miscarriage/Spontaneous abortion - embryo or fetus dies in the uterus and is expelled by the body

– Ending a pregnancy voluntarily - induced abortion

Chapter 6 7

● About 6 million pregnancies in U.S. each year are unplanned or unintended

• About 1.2 million abortions are performed in the U.S. each year

• Decline in teen abortions between 1994 and 2000 (attributed to better knowledge and abstinence)

Chapter 6 8

►Approx. 89 % of all abortions are performed during the first trimester/12 weeks.

►Abortions can be legally performed in the state of Arizona through 23 weeks.(count from 1st day of last menstrual period)

►33% of women in the U.S. will have an abortion by age 45.

Alan Guttmacher Institute

Chapter 6 9

Chapter 6 10

Two Types of First- Term Abortions(6-14 weeks)

1. Surgical Abortion Performed by Surgical Aspiration

Side Effects:

Intense Cramps

1 in 100: Infection

1 in 100: Cervical Tear

Chapter 6 11

Two Types of First- Term Abortions cont…

2. Medical Abortion●Can offer up to 9 weeks● Consists of 2 drugs:

Drug 1 blocks progesterone Drug 2 causes uterine contractions on day #3

Side Effects: Bleeding

CrampingNausea Diarrhea

Chapter 6 12

Second Semester Abortions(14-22 Weeks)

Dialation and Evacuation (D & E) Cervix DilatedVacuum AspirationInstruments Used

Chapter 6 13

Moral Considerations

• Pro-lifePro-life: The fertilized egg is a human being from the moment of conception and therefore an abortion is murder.– moral obligation

– adoption

– destructive effects on our traditional morals

and values

Chapter 6 14

Moral Considerations• Pro-Choice : Pro-Choice : There are distinct stages of fetal

development and that preserving the fetus early in pregnancy is not the ultimate moral concern.– Women should have the right to make their

own decisions– Unsafe and unregulated practices– Socioeconomic Factors and accessibility– Physicians and the law

Chapter 6 15

Chapter 6 16

Decisions to Make

• Religious and moral beliefs• Long-term feelings about the decision• Psychological (emotional) Effects• Partner’s feelings and her ability to deal with

his response• Presence or lack of supportive friends or

family• Availability of medical services and

transportation to a facility• Financial resources

Chapter 6 17

Prevention

• Know your partner

• Practice Safer Sex: Men and Women

(Protected, sober)

• Know your partner ● Recognize that if you are sexually active in a

pregnant or get someone pregnant

Immunity and Infection

Chapter 13

Chapter 6 19

Objectives

• 1. Describe the process by which infectious diseases are transmitted

(Chain of Infection)

• 2. Explain how the immune system responds to an invading organism.

• 3. List the major types of pathogens and the common diseases they cause.

• 4. Define key terms

20Chapter 6

Key Terms ANTIGEN- Any substance capable of triggering an immune response. Can be a virus, bacterium, fungus, parasite, abnormal cell,

foreign substance

ANTIBODIES are formed when the body is invaded by an ANTIGEN.

PATHOGENS are disease -causing agents.

Viruses are the smallest pathogens- require a host organism to survive and multiply

Chapter 6 21

The presence of a Pathogen creates the potential for the

disease▪ Pathogens can be transmitted directly by

direct contact between body surfaces

breathing contaminated air droplets

fecal-oral spread

▪ Pathogens can be transmitted indirectly by

air, food and water

animals, insects, birds

towels, eating utensils, clothing

22Chapter 6

The HANDS are probably the greatest source of infectious

disease transmission.

Washing your hands frequently with warm, soapy water is the best way to

prevent the common cold.

Chapter 6 23

Chain of Infection

Chapter 6 24

Body’s Defense System

• Physical and Chemical barriers

– Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract

– Immunulogical Defenders

Chapter 6 25

Body’s Defense System

• Immune Response

– Phase 1 –Recognition of invading pathogen

– Phase 2 –Amplification of Defenses

– Phase 3 – Attack!-Killer T cells strike

– Phase 4 – Suppressor T cells halt Immune Response

26Chapter 6

Immunization

The process of ‘priming’ the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen.

VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or weakened pathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies.

(active immunity).

27Chapter 6

Allergy

The Body’s Defense System defends against harmless substance

Allergens Pollen, Dander, Dust mites, Molds, Food,

InsectsThe Allergic response

Anaphylaxic Response

28Chapter 6

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Drug Resistance Poverty The breakdown of public health measures Environmental changes Travel and Commerce Mass food production and Distribution Human Behaviors

29Chapter 6

Supporting your Immune System

Public HealthPrevention

NutritionExerciseRestModeration of LifestyleControlling Stress