Chapter 6 World War II. 6.1 Leadup to War The Failure of the League of Nations – Was founded by...

Chapter 6Chapter 6

World War II

6.1 Leadup to War

The Failure of the League of Nations– Was founded by the winners of WWI in 1919

to create permanent peace through collective security.

– It failed to prevent war because its member nations would not support it and the US refused to join

6.1 Leadup to WarThe Failure of the League of Nations

-Following WWI Canada distrusted European governments. It was leery of the League of Nations, even though it was a member.

– When Japan invaded Manchuria (a province of China) in 1931, the League of Nations condemned the action but its member nations would do nothing to stop Japan.

6.1 Leadup to War

The Failure of the League of Nations– Italy under Benito Mussolini invaded

Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935. The League objected and attempted an economic boycott of Italy, but It failed to block delivery of oil supplies.

– Germany under Hitler (left the league in 1933) was the first country to recognize Italy's annexation of Abyssinia.

6.1 Leadup to War

The Axis Powers– Japan signed an Anti-Cominterm Pact with

Germany in 1936. Italy joined in 1937, creating the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis.

– For the rest of the war, these countries would be called the Axis Powers.

6.2 Causes of the War

Spanish Civil War– Spain was ruled by a monarchy until its fall in

1936. Its replacement was an elected left-wing, Communist & Socialist government.

– Right wing forces-the Catholic Church, wealthy Spaniards, fascists and some army forces led by General Franciso Franco, opposed the new government. Civil war ensued


Spanish Civil War– Canada, Britain and France had a policy of

non-intervention in this war. Some Canadians did secretly fight in it as part of the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion (see fig 6.2.b)

– Germany and Italy openly supported the right-wing forces. They saw it as a chance to test their war machines.

– Franco's forces won the war in 1939, making him dictator of Spain.


Lebensraum– Hitler's Nazi party won the German

election in 1932 and he was declared Chancellor in 1933

– He rose to power by telling Germans that it would regain its lost honour as a result of the Versailles Treaty, by rebuilding its armed forces and regaining land


Lebensraum– He demanded Anschluss; unification of

Austria and German-speaking lands– He regained the Saar Valley in 1939– In 1939, Germany continued to re-arm,

in spite of the Treaty terms


Lebensraum– German troops moved into the

Rhineland, a coal and oil-rich region between Germany and France

– Germany 'invaded' Austria in 1938 and annexed it. In truth, many Austrians were Ok with this move


Appeasement: satisfying Hitler’s demands– British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

met with Hitler in 1938– He believed that Hitler was reasonable and

agreed to his occupation of the Sudetenland part of Czechoslovakia

– Hitler invaded the rest of that country in March 1939 and Poland in September

– Great Britain and France had to declare war on Sept 3, 1939.


Fascism and Anti-Semitism– A Fascist government controls all aspects of

life and usually has strong nationalistic and militaristic policies. They also persecute minorities.

– Germany focused on Lebensraum and anti-Semitism; the mistreatment of Jews. It was actually a law in Germany to do so.


Fascism and Anti-Semitism– The Nuremberg Laws (1935) stripped German

Jews’ rights and citizenship. They were forced into ghettos

– In 1941, the Nazis came up with the ‘final solution’ to the ‘Jewish problem’; all Jews would be sent to labour camps and exterminated.

6.3 The War In Europe

A New Kind of War– Technological

developments changed the nature of warfare.

– Long-range aircraft, fast-moving tanks and motorized forces expanded the battlefield to include all of an enemy’s territory.

6.3 The War In Europe A New Kind of War

– New or improved weapons made killing quicker and accurate.

– As the role of technology increased, the role of soldiers actually decreased.

6.3 The War In Europe

A New Kind of War– Fast-moving forces

required long-range communications, new radar and secret codes.

• In September 1939 Canada wasn’t prepared to fight in the second world war.

• The army consisted of 4000 regular troops and 60000 part-time soldiers.

• The navy had about 3000 sailors and the royal Canadian air force had 4000 members.

• In December 1939, the first Canadian troops reached Britain.

• The allies and the Canadian soldiers gained a breathing space over the winter of 1940.

Section 6.3Canadian Soldiers and the Beginning of War

(nicole,terri-lee,sarah,ben)

• In 1941 German forces attacked

Greece and Yugoslavia and made large gains in North Africa. Further attacks went through the Baltic States.

• In June 1942, Hitler broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939.

• He sent more than 1000000 German soldiers, backed by thousands of tanks and aircraft, into the Soviet Union.

• The status of being stationed in Britain changed when Soviet Union demanded that the allies open up a new front in the west to draw off some German troops attacking them.

Canadian Soldiers and the Beginning of War

The Beginning of the War

Submitted to: Mr. ButlerSubmitted by: Kelsey Cole, Stephanie Snow, Amber Elliott, Emily Paul and Noah Brace.

Submitted on: 14/04/2010

• The second World War began 1939. At the start, Canada was not very prepared to fight with an army of only 4000 regular troops, and 60 000 soldiers in the militia.

• In April 1940 the fight of war began when Germany attacked Norway and Denmark.

• Germany continued to attack Holland and Belgium and Luxembourg in May. German troops then marched into France.

• British and French troops retreated in June. Fair weather and boats available made for an effective retreat – saving 350 000 from sure destruction.

• In 1941 German forces attacked Greece and Yugoslavia and North Africa. In June 1942, Hitler broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 and sent more than one million German soldiers into the Soviet Union.

• As for Canadians very few were engaged in battle before 1942. They were preparing to fight in the case of German invasion. They were stationed in Britain training for such events.

• Canadians went to action when the Soviet Union demanded that the Allies (Canadians) to open up a new front in the West to draw off some of the German troops attacking the Soviet Union.

By: Kellie, Abigail, Amber, Jenna & Bethany

Date: March 26, 2010

In 1942, the Dieppe Raid took place on the French Coast. The Allied command were unwilling to act on Soviet demands for a western front and launch an all-out attack into Europe.

Where it Happened

Early on August 19, 6000 Canadian, American and British soldiers attacked on the beaches at Dieppe. They were supposed to land during the night where they would be hidden but ended up landing in day light and were fired on immediately. The few that survived were driven back. Of the 5000 Canadians, 1400 died and 2000 were taken prisoner. More Canadian troops died in the few hours of Dieppe than any other day of the war.

Submitted By: Ryan White, Cody Diamond, Michelle Ryan, Cody Lyver, Firetruck (Sara

Jane), & Sam Burt.

In 1941 German and Italy invaded Egypt and North Africa. The Allied forces took back North Africa in 1942. They decided to take Italy to weaken the Axis forces. The Allied force started their attack in 1943.

The Canadian first division, and the 8th British army, landed in Sicily first and advanced northward through Italy. Ortona was the first place they met Italian resistance. It was a long battle that lasted until December.

The Royal 22nd Regiment (French Canadians), played a valuable role in this battle. The Canadians pushed forward through Italy, they defeated the Adolf Hitler Line, and broke through Rome. In 1944, the Canadians defeated the last line of defense and took Italy!

Pictures

OPERATION OVERLORDBy: Deidra-Ann

And

Kelsey Williams

OPERATION OVERLORD

“Operation overlord” started on June 6, 1944 when the great Allied invasion of Germen held Europe began.

Their plan for invasion was to use a naval and aerial bombardment, to knock out the German's tanks, gun batteries and air base out. The landing could of occurred along 80km of Normandy Beach.

The American forces assaulted the west end of the beach. The Canadians and the British troops joined to combine a force of 15000, they landed in the east.

The plan was not completely successful. German gun positions weren’t knocked out by the

bombing, they were able to pour artillery fire on to the beaches where the Allied forces weren’t protected.

Canadians suffered 1074 casualties including 359 dead on D-day.

The landing was completed. The invasion was largely considered a success. The Allies had a foothold in Europe and began the

long campaign to push back the German armies.

Operation Overlord

By: Brady Noseworthy and Whitney Elliott

Operation Overlord• Operation overload began June,6 1944. • There plan was to knock out all German tanks, gun batteries and airbases.• They could land a lot 80km of Normandy beach.• American forces assaulted the west end of the beach while Canadians

landed in the east.• 15,000 Canadians and 9,000 British troops were assigned the target of Juno

Beach.

Operation Overlord• The German gun positions were not knocked out by the bombing and

were able to pour artillery fire on to the beaches where allied forces were unprotected.

• Canadians suffered 1074 casualties, including 359 dead.• The landing was completed and the invasion was largely considered a

success.• The allies had a foothold in Europe and began the long campaign to

push back the German armies.

The Netherlands

Done By:Cody Peyton

Nathan JenkinsNick WoolridgeKeshia Brenton

Jacob EdisonDylan Rose

WW2-The Netherlands

• After D-day, Canadian troops led by General G.D.H. Crerar fought a year-long battle against Hitler’s crack division.

• The Canadian 3rd division was sent to capture Caen, France. Over 1000 troops were killed in this objective. The division moved inward to Falaise. During the 1944-5 winter, the division moved north to remove German resistance from ports such as Dieppe and Calais.

• In the Scheldt estuary, Canadian troops played a major part in opening the way into Europe.

• By March 1945, the Canadians moved through Belgium and pushed German troops in the Netherlands across the Rhine river.

• In May 1945, the Allies claimed victory. The Canadian command accepted the surrender of Nazis from the Netherlands.

6.4 Canadian Involvement Around the World

Most Canadian soldiers fought in Europe, but many played valuable roles in conflicts in other parts of the world (see fig.6.4.a), such as:– Hong Kong– At sea– In the air

6.4 Canadian Involvement Around the World The Defence of Hong Kong

– 1975 soldiers were sent there in 1941 to assist British and Indian troops

– They held out against the Japanese from Dec. 8th to the 22nd

– 290 were killed, 500 were wounded, 260 more died in prison camps

6.4 Canadian Involvement Around the World

The War at Sea– The Royal Canadian

Navy (RCN) went from 13 ships and 3000 sailors to 370 ships and 100 000 personnel during WW2.

– RCN corvettes and destroyers escorted merchant supply ship convoys across the North Atlantic, keeping supply lines open.

Royal Canadian Navy Ship Types

6.4 Canadian Involvement Around the World War in the Air

– The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) went from 4000 to 250 000 personnel.

– Canadian pilots flew all over the world, mostly for Britain in the RAF and mostly in bombers.

– Canada’s greatest contribution to the air war was perhaps the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (see fig. 6.4.g), which trained 131 000+ Allied flyers in 231 Canadian sites.

RCAF Aircraft Types

6.5 Women at War

An expanding role for women– As Canada fought in more

wars, women’s roles expanded

– WW2 brought about women’s branches in the army, navy and air force

– Women served at home and overseas in a variety of traditional and non-traditional roles:

• Cooks, nurses, welders, radar operators, pilots, mechanics, farmers, …

6.5 Women at War

Canadian Women on the Home Front:

– As men left home to go to war, women were needed more than ever in a variety of workplaces.

• The National Selective Service (NSS) was set up to recruit women into wartime work

• Daycare and tax breaks were provided

• Women worked side-by-side with men on farms

• By 1944, 1 million women were in the workforce

6.5 Women at War

The more things change, the more they stay the same:

– Women were paid less than men for the same work

– After the war…• The limited supports women

had been given (daycare & tax breaks) were removed

• Women’s branches of the military were disbanded

• Women weren’t allowed to enlist in the forces again until the Korean war in 1951

• Women were expected to ‘give’ their jobs back to returning soldiers

6.6 The War at Home War Effort Production

– Government spending on the war effort reached 40% of the GNP by 1944, compared to 15% in WWI.

– The government used such measures as rationing, compulsory arbitration, taxation and war bond sales to finance spending.

– Britain and the U.S. were Canada’s main customers of war materiel.

6.6 The War at Home

Propaganda– The National Film

Board (NFB) turned out hundreds of documentaries and short films which were shown all over Canada

– Posters and radio messages were everywhere as well

6.6 The War at Home The Conscription Crisis

– The National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA) was set up to avoid conscription.

– Prime Minister King had to renege on his no-conscription promise by 1944, which caused violent protests across the country, especially in Quebec.

– In the end, 13000 conscripts were sent overseas, but only 2400 saw any action.

6.7 Wartime Restrictions and Excesses

Internment Camps: types of prisons where enemy aliens such as Japanese and other Canadians were kept during WW2.

Conscientious Objector: person opposed to war due to religious beliefs (ex. Agnes MacPhail, JS Woodsworth, Jehova’s Witnesses).

Blacks: many employers still refused to hire them until protests in 1942.


Native Persons: felt determined to get the same rights as other Canadians.

Refugees: Canada took in relatively few of them during the war, especially those facing persecution in Germany. When they did get in, they were often sent to prison or internment camps.

6.7 Wartime Restrictions and Excesses Treatment of Japanese

Canadians– After Japan bombed

Pearl Harbor in 1941, the Canadian Government ordered all people of Japanese descent to be interned in camps. In all, about 22 000 people were affected…most were Canadian citizens.

– Property was seized, including 1200 fishing boats in BC.


Treatment of Japanese Canadians– After the war, things did

not revert to normal; many could not return to their homes and the vote was denied until 1949.

– Restitution came in 1988, when the Canadian Government apologized and paid each Japanese Canadian still living $21 000.

6.8 The Legacy of War

End to War– The war in Europe ended on May 8, 1945,

which became known as V-E Day.– The war in the South Pacific ended on August

14, 1945, called V-J Day. It only ended when the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.


Grim Statistics– The losses Canada had in

the war increased patriotism and set the stage for Canada’s role in the world after the war.

– It cost Canada $18 billion and created $10 billion in debt.

– 55 million worldwide died in battles, concentration camps and at home.

The Human Cost of War for Canada

Enlistment Fatalities

Army 730159 22917

Air Force 249662 17101

Navy 106522 2024

Total 1090782 42042

6.8 the Legacy of War

War Artists– As in WWI, artists were commissioned to

record Canada’s war effort.– Art records more ‘feelings’ than a simple

photograph, so this was an important legacy of the war.

‘Bodies in a Grave’Alex Colville

Signal Flag HoistPainted around 1945 by Donald Mackay

Armoured Carby E. J. Hughes

Air to GroundPatrick Cowley-Brown

Portrait of Trooper Lloyd George Moore, RCAHenry Lamb

Normandy Scene, Beach in Gold AreaJack Nichols

Night Travellersby T. R. MacDonald

Infantry, near Nijmegen, HollandAlex Colville


At the Dawn of a New Age– The seeds were sown for

more women’s, aboriginal and other minorities rights.

– Unions were given the right to organize and to collective bargaining.

– The Federal government organized several new social programs during WW2…and Canadians wanted more.

6.8 Legacy of War

A New Age in International Affairs:– Europe was the power centre

of the world at the beginning of the war; at the end, it was the United States.

– The USA and USSR distrusted each other; each felt the other was trying to destabilize the other. This led to a period of espionage, (nuclear) arms buildup and general tension called the Cold War.

– Canada’s relationship with the USA became closer.

– Canada became known as a middle power.

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