Chapter 6 Voltage Regulators - Part 1- POWER SUPPLIES (VOLTAGE REGULATORS) Fig. 6.1 Block diagram...
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Transcript of Chapter 6 Voltage Regulators - Part 1- POWER SUPPLIES (VOLTAGE REGULATORS) Fig. 6.1 Block diagram...
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Voltage RegulatorsVoltage Regulators
- Part 1-- Part 1-
POWER SUPPLIES (VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLIES (VOLTAGE REGULATORS)REGULATORS)
Fig. 6.1 Block diagram showing parts of a power supply.
Power supplyPower supply: a group of circuits that convert the standard ac voltage (120 V, 60 Hz) provided by the wall outlet to constant dc voltage.
Transformer Transformer : a device that step up or step down the ac voltage provided by the wall outlet to a desired amplitude through the action of a magnetic field.
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage.
Step-down transformers reduce voltage.
RectifierRectifier: a diode circuits that converts the ac input voltage
to a pulsating dc voltage.
The pulsating dc voltage is only suitable to be used as a
battery charger, but not good enough to be used as a dc
power supply in a radio, stereo system, computer and so on.
There are two basic types of rectifier circuits:
1. Half-wave rectifier
2. Full-wave rectifier i) Center-tapped full-wave rectifier ii) Bridge rectifier
In summary, a full-wave rectified signal has less ripple than a
half-wave rectified signal and is thus better to apply to a filter.
FilterFilter: a circuit used to reduce the fluctuation in the rectified output voltage or ripple. This provides a steadiersteadier dc voltage.
RegulatorRegulator: a circuit used to produces a constantconstant dc output voltage by reducing the ripple to negligible amount.
VOLTAGE REGULATIONVOLTAGE REGULATION
Two basic categories of voltage regulation are:
line regulation;
load regulation.
The purpose of line regulationline regulation is to maintain a
nearly constant output voltage when the input input
voltagevoltage varies.
The purpose of load regulationload regulation is to maintain a
nearly constant output voltage when the loadload varies.
Figure 6–2 Line regulation. A change in input (line) voltage does not significantly affect the output voltage of a regulator (within certain limits).
Figure 6–3 Load regulation. A change in load current has practically no effect on the output voltage of a regulator (within certain limits).
Line regulation can be defined as the percentage change in the output voltage for a given change in the input voltage.
Line RegulationLine Regulation
Line regulation in %/V can be calculated using the following formula:
Δ means “a change in”.
%100xV
VregulationLine
IN
OUT
IN
OUTOUT
V
xVVregulationLine
%100/
(6-1)
(6-2)
Load regulation can be defined as the percentage change in the output voltage from no-load (NL) to full-load (FL).
where
VNL = the no-load output voltage VFL = the full-load output voltage
Load RegulationLoad Regulation
%100xV
VVregulationLoad
FL
FLNL
(6-3)
Sometimes the equivalent Thevenin resistance of a supply is specified in place of a load regulation specification.
RTH = ROUT
RLVTH = VNL
VOUT
Power Supply
In this case, VOUT can be found by applying the voltage divider rule:
LOUT NL
OUT L
RV V
R R
In terms of resistances, load regulation can be expressed as:
OUT
FL
Load regulation 100%R
R
Load RegulationLoad Regulation
Exercise Exercise ; ; 1) A power supply has an output resistance of 25 mW and a full load
current of 0.50 A to a 10.0 W load. (a)What is the load regulation? (b)What is the no load output voltage?
2) The input of certain regulator increase by 3.5V. As a result, the output voltage increase by 0.042V. The nominal output 20V. Determine the line regulation in both % and in %/V.
3) If a 5.0V power supply has an output resistance of 80mΩ and specific maximum output current of 1.0A, what is the load regulation in both % and in %/mA.
TYPES OF REGULATORTYPES OF REGULATOR
Two basic types of voltage regulator are the series regulator and the shunt regulator.
The series regulator is connected in series with the load and the shunt regulator is connected in parallel with the load.
Figure 6.4 Series and shunt regulators.
Series Regulator CircuitSeries Regulator Circuit
Figure 6.5 Block diagram of the basic connection of a series regulator circuit.
The series element controls the amount of the input voltage that gets to the output.
The output voltage is sampled by a circuit that provides a feedback voltage to be compared to a reference voltage.
Transistor Series RegulatorTransistor Series Regulator
Figure 6.6 Pass-transistor regulator.
The transistor series regulator is also called the pass-transistor regulator because the load current passes through the series transistor.
Equation ( ) explains the response of the pass-transistor to a change in load resistance as follows:
- If load resistance increases, load voltage also increases.
- Since the Zener voltage is constant, the increase in Vo causes VBE to decrease.
- The decrease in VBE reduces conduction through the pass- transistor, so load current decreases.
- This offsets the increase in load resistance, and a relatively constant load voltage is maintained.
Since Q1 is an npn transistor, Vo is found as
oZBE VVV (6-4)
Basic op-amp Series Regulator
Fig. 6.7 Op-amp series regulator circuit.
Control Element
Error DetectorSample Circuit
VREF
The resistor R1 and R2 sense a change in the output voltage and provide a feedback voltage. The error detector compares the feedback voltage with a Zener diode reference voltage.
Control Element
Error DetectorSample Circuit
VREF
The resulting difference voltage causes the transistor Q1 controls the conduction to compensate the variation of the output voltage. The output voltage will be maintained at a constant value of:
REFo VR
RV
2
11 (6-5)
The output voltage for the series regulator circuit is:
2OUT REF
3
1R
V VR
(a) What is the output voltage for the series regulator?(b) If the load current is 200 mA, what is the power dissipated by Q1?
2OUT REF
3
1
100 k1+ 3.9 V
47 k
RV V
R
(a)
(b)
VIN VOUT
R1Q1
D1
VREF+
– R2
R347 k
100 k3.9 V
18 V 4.7 k
P = VI = (18 V – 12.2 V)(0.2 A)
Exercise ; Exercise ;
Current limiting prevents excessive load current. Q2 will conduct when the current through R4 develops 0.7 V across Q2’s VBE. This reduces base current to Q1, limiting the load current.
VIN VOUT
R1
Q1
R3
R2
Q2
Current limiter
R4
+
–
The current limit is:
L(max)4
0.7 VI
R
For example, a 1.4 resistor, limits current to about 0.5 A.
Series Regulator with constant-current limiting
5R5 OUT
5 6
RV V
R R
An overload causes VR5 to drop because VOUT drops. This means that less current is needed to maintain conduction in Q2 and the load current drops.
+VIN VOUT
R1
Q1
+
–Q2
R4
D1
R3
R2
R6
R5
Fold-back current limiting drops the load current well below the peak during overload conditions. Q2 conducts when VR5 +VBE = VR4 and begins current limiting. VR5 is found by applying the voltage-divider rule:
Regulator with Fold-back current limiting
EndEnd
- Part 1-- Part 1-