CHAPTER 6

THE HEALTH AND INDIVIDUAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT OF AUSTRALIA’S CHILDREN

KEY KNOWLEDGE

Physical development from conception to late childhood

Social, emotional and intellectual development from birth to late childhood

Principles of individual human development Health status of Australia’s children

AN INTRODUCTION

Prenatal stage is the fastest stage of development

Vital body systems develop during prenatal stage

Many developmental milestones occur during infancy such as learning to walk, talk etc

KEY PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT

PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT

Development occurs in a predictable and orderly way

Development is continual (starts conception ends with death)

There are individual variations in the rate and timing of development

Development follows predictable patterns (see next slide)

CEPHALOCAUDAL DEVELOPMENT

Refers to growth and development which occurs from the head down

An infant gains control over their head first, then the arms, the torso and finally the legs.

PROXIMODISTAL DEVELOPMENT

Development which occurs from the centre of the body in an outward direction.

Learning to crawl before we walk

DEVELOPMENT PROCEEDS FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX

Thought processes and motor skills go from simple to complex

Simple thoughts to abstract Learning to crawl before we can walk

PRE- NATAL DEVELOPMENT

AN INTRODUCTION Physical development begins when a sperm

enters an ovum (egg) which forms one complete cell

SPERM AND OVA

When sperm and ova are created in the body, they contain half of the genetic information of that individual

Sperm- 23 chromosomes , Ova- 23 chromosomes

Together they make up the 46 chromosomes (or 23 pairs of chromosomes which make up a human)

http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200112.htm

GENETIC POSSIBILITIES FOR A CHILD

FACTS A female is born with all of the eggs she will

need for her life. These mature once puberty occurs

Sperm in a male forms at a rapid rate (over 12 billion per month)

When the sperm and ova join this is now known as a zygote

STAGES OF PRE- NATAL DEVELOPMENT

Germinal stage- 0-2 weeks

Embryonic stage- 3 weeks- 8 weeks

Foetal stage- 9 weeks- birth

GERMINAL STAGE

Starts with fertilisation (zygote forming) and ends with implantation

Once the zygote is formed ( single cell) it begins travelling along the fallopian tubes in to the uterus, this occurs around day five

After this the single cell multiplies to around 16 cells it forms a sphere and is known as a morula

Five days after fertilisation the morula multiplies to 64 cells and forms an inner and outer layer

The inner layer of the morula (an embryo at an early stage of embryonic development) is made of fluid is now known as a blastocyst cavity

The inner cells of the blastocyst become the embryo and the outer cells become the placenta

The blastocyst implants itself into the lining of the uterus known as the endometrium

After embedding itself the cell is now known as an embryo

EMBRYONIC STAGE

Starts when implantation has occurred

Cells begin taking on specialised roles such as heart cells, skin cells and bone cells

Even though sex is determined at conception internal sex organs begin developing

Beginning of the spinal cord, circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems developing

Following proximodistal pattern limbs start developing as buds near the torso and continue to grow

The head makes up half of the embryo’s length which reflects the cephalocaudal pattern of development

EMBRYONIC ALSO KNOWN AS THE ‘CRITICAL PERIOD’

Because this is the stage where most of the vital organs develop it is the time in which the embryo is most susceptible to damage which will effect the person throughout their lifespan

TERATOGENS are things which can harm the development of the embryo

Some examples include alcohol, tobacco, drugs, some bacteria which can be found in certain foods

FOETAL STAGE From week 9 onwards the baby is now known

as a ‘foetus’

Stage is characterised by RAPID GROWTH

By the end of this stage the foetus will be up to 50cm in length

The lungs, digestive system, liver and kidneys mature and are

functioning at this stage

By week 14 the placenta is

fully developed

The placenta acts as a

kidney, lung and digestive

system for the foetus supplying

it with nutrients, oxygen and

immune support from the

Mother

It is connected to the mother

through the umbillical cord

The mother and childs blood

never come into contact

however oxygen cells are

small enough to pass through the placenta wall

Ultrasounds are taken to monitor babies progress

Ultrasound clip

The foetus begins to develop reflexes at this stage such as sucking and grasping which are necessary for survival when born

It even displays breathing movements, however it’s lungs are filled with amniotic fluid

Bones begin to ossify (cartilage turns to bone) although his process isn’t complete until childhood

The foetus’ senses develop around week 25 and it may respond to light, sound and touch

By the end of the foetal stage the unborn child is ready to enter the world

DEVELOPMENT DURING INFANCYBirth- 2 years

AN INTRODUCTION

The first 28 days after birth the child is referred to as a neonate

During the time of infancy other than adults around us, we rely on reflexes for survival

Reflexes are involuntary responses which aid in survival

ADAPTATIONS OF THE NEONATE

In the uterus the foetus relies on the mother to carry out it’s bodily functions

After entering the world the neonate must adapt to do these things on it’s own

Example include...... Learning to control it’s own body temperature Breathing on it’s own Eating on it’s own, this is learnt through sucking

THE APGAR TEST

Activity Pulse Grimace Appearance Respiration

First test given to newborns to assess their adaption to life outside the uterus

Given at one and five minutes after birth Why do you think the test is given twice?

APGAR SCALES

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Second fastest period of development

Birth weight doubles by 6 months, triples by 12 months

Senses develop including sight, recognising familiar sounds and faces

Bones continue to ossify and they’re now able to support their own weight

Controlled motor movements such as holding head up

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Family is the most significant influence on physical development

Around 6 weeks infants begin to smile

Around 7 months the child becomes attached to the caregiver , also begins to recognise facial expressions

Enjoy games and become more responsive

As language develops (intellectual development) they can interact better with those around them

Social skills are learnt such as sharing and taking turns through playing with siblings, being at child care centres etc

Learn culturally acceptable behaviour such as listening to parents, not hitting others etc.

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT One of the first signs of emotional development is when

the caregiver can comfort a distressed infant

Emotional attachment formed with caregivers to provide a sense of safety, security, love and trust

The bond with caregiver may be so strong that confronting the child with unfamiliar objects may scare them

By eight months the infant can express anger, happiness and may become frustrated

The frustration may turn into tantrum throwing in later months

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT Senses are present from birth and the baby uses them

to make sense of the world. Eg: putting objects in mouth

In months the child recognises it’s name when called

Over time word- object association progresses

Attention span is short

Language develops very quickly

DEVELOPMENT DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD

LIFE AT 5

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Slow and steady growth

Bones lengthen and ossify

May begin to lose baby teeth and permanent teeth develop

With muscle development motor skills also develop

Co ordination improves and children begin to learn to climb stairs, skip, use an knife and fork and ride a bike

Behaviours such as toilet training and eating with a knife and fork are established

They like to be accepted by others and show off in front of family and friends

Play is still important but it’s a little bit more advanced Eg: imaginary friends

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Family is the primary contact

Begin participating in more routines eg:

helping with shopping, eating with family

at dinner

Communication skills increase a result of

these experiences

May attend playgroup, kinder or child

care centres

May start wanting to do things for themselves such as dressing or washing

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Emotional development is very rapid at this stage

Develop empathy

May use physical violence to express their emotions

Take pride in achievements

Begin seeing themselves as individuals

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT Learning new words and use language occurs very

rapidly

By the age of 5 we know approx 1500- 2500 words

Children ask many questions abouttheir environment

Attention span increases and so doesLanguage

Begin learning to count, write, and categorise objects

DEVELOPMENT DURING LATE CHILDHOOD

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Slow and steady

Bones and muscles grow in length and width

Average weight gain of 3kg per year and height increase of 5-6cm per year

By the end all permanent teeth should be in place

Greater control over motor skills

More complex activities and

games can be played

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Once children begin attending school they experience a wide range of social situations such as.....

Building relationships/ friendships Relationships form with same sex Importance on being accepted by others Morals start forming (sense of right & wrong)

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Empathy develops and so they begin to recognise emotions in others

Better control of emotions means they are able to better function in a wider range of settings (school, home, friends house etc)

Self concept begins developing

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

A lot of this takes place at school

Can follow basic instructions and put things in logical order

Problem solving skills begins

By the end of childhood we should know approx 10, 000 words

THE HEALTH OF AUSTRALIA’S CHILDREN

MORTALITY RATES Over time mortality rates of Australian’s has

decreased over time

Reasons for this: Introduction of SIDS campaign, less death due to injury, increase in immunisation and technology

MORBIDITY RATES

Australian children suffer from a large range disease/ illnesses, many are not always preventable

HOMEWORK Complete Key skills exam practice question

p. 182 To be handed in on loose leaf for correction

Page 183 complete Q 1, 2, 4 & 5