INTERIOR-POINT ALGORITHMS, PENALTY METHODS AND EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS
Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is...
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Transcript of Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is...
![Page 1: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 6
Prices as Signals
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Reaching Equilibrium
The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium
It is the point of balance at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied
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Equiliibrium
![Page 4: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Benefits of Equilibrium
Buyers will purchase exactly as much of a good as firms are willing to sell
Both buyers and sellers benefit
![Page 5: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Disequilibrium
Occurs when quantity supplied is not equal to quantity demanded in a merket
Disequilibrium can produce two outcomes, shortage surplus
![Page 6: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Shortage
![Page 7: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Shortage
Excess demand
Exists when the quantity demanded in a market is more than the quantity supplied
How do you eliminate a shortage?
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Increase Price
Suppliers will keep raising the price in order to reach equilibrium
When the price has risen enough to close the gap, suppliers will have found the highest price that the market will bear
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Surplus
![Page 10: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Surplus
Exists when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded
Indicates that the price is too high
Must lower the price to reach equilibrium
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Price Ceiling
Markets trend toward equilibrium, but in some cases the government intervenes to control prices
Maximum price that can be legally charged for a good or service
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Where to Set Price?
The price ceiling is set below the equilibrium price
An example of price ceilings in our economy are rent controls
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Apartments in NYC
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Rent Controls
Price ceiling placed on apartment rents, to prevent inflation during a housing crisis
Helps people live in a neighborhood that they could otherwise not afford
![Page 15: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Examine This Curve
![Page 16: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Page 138
Turn to Page 136 to see this clearly…
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Negative Aspects of Rent Control
How do you determine who gets the apartments?
Long waiting lists, discrimination, lottery systems, and bribery
Sometimes only way to get one is to inherit it
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Many are Unkept
Since landlord profits are cut, it shows in the upkeep
Why would they update the painting and fix minor maintenance issues?
No incentive, long list of people who would want these apartments
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Ending Rent Controls?
Landlords would make more money
Those living in rent controlled apartments would no longer be able to afford them
Economists do not like them
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Price Floor
Minimum price that must be paid for a good or service
Best example of this is the minimum wage
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Minimum Wage
A full time worker being paid minimum wage will earn less than the federal government says is necessary to support a couple with one child
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Curve
![Page 23: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Effects of Price Floors
Page 139
In this example, the minimum wage creates a surplus of labor
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The Role of Prices
Chapter 6: Section 3
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Price
Monetary value of a product as established by supply and demand
A signal that helps us make our economic decisions
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4 Advantages of Prices
Neutral
Flexible
No administration cost
Familiar
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Neutral
Favor neither the producer or the consumer
Due to prices being a result of competition between buyers and sellers
A compromise that both parties agree to
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Flexible
Unforeseen disasters and war affect prices of many items
The price system can absorb these “shocks”
Allows market to accommodate change
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No Administration Cost
Markets find their own price without outside help or interference
Will explain this in more detail later
![Page 30: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Familiar
Have known about prices our entire lives
Allows us to make decisions quickly and efficiently
Easily understood
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Alternatives to Price System?
Let’s take a look at rationing and see if it would be a viable alternative
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Rationing
System under which an agency such as government decides everyone’s “fair share”
Citizens receive a ration ticket or coupon for goods and services
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Ration Ticket
Entitles you to a certain amount of a product
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Problems with Rationing
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4 Problems
Fairness High Administration Cost Diminishing Incentive Black Markets
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Problem of Fairness
Almost everyone feels that their share is too small
Almost had gas tickets in the 1970’s, but couldn’t decide how to ration them
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High Administration Cost
Someone has to pay for the coupons and salaries of the people who distribute them
Always have risk of them being stolen or counterfeited
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Diminishing Incentive
Has a negative incentive on people’s desire to work and produce
Working harder does not equal more ration coupons…so why do it?
![Page 39: Chapter 6 Prices as Signals. Reaching Equilibrium The point where supply and demand come together is called the equilibrium It is the point of balance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f4d5503460f94c6df57/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Black Markets
Market in which goods are sold illegally, without regard for government controls on price or quantity
Allows consumers to pay more so they can buy a product when rationing makes it otherwise unavailable