Chapter 6 Perception Transform meaningless sensations into meaningful perceptions.

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Chapter 6 Perception Transform meaningless sensations into meaningful perceptions

Transcript of Chapter 6 Perception Transform meaningless sensations into meaningful perceptions.

Page 1: Chapter 6 Perception Transform meaningless sensations into meaningful perceptions.

Chapter 6 Perception

Transform meaningless sensations into meaningful perceptions

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The Perception Paradox—misperceiving reality

Perception failure — our perceptual

experience of a stimulus differs from the actual characteristics of that stimulus

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Three approaches to perception Computational approach — focuses on how computations by the nervous

system translate raw sensory stimulation into an experience of reality

Constructivist approach — the perceptual system uses fragments of sensory

information to construct an image of reality Ecological approach — humans and other species are so well adapted to

their natural environment that many aspects of the world are perceived without requiring higher-level analysis and inferences

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Selective Attention—the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Cocktail party effect—the ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many

The experiments (视而不见) U. Neisser(1979) and … Can unnoticed stimuli affect us? “We stood by the bank” (river or money)

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Perceptual Illusions

Optical ~: misjudge length, position, motion, curvature, or direction

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A classic illusion created by Franz Müller-Lyer, 1889

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The Poggenddorff illusion

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The Ebbinghaus illusion

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Zollner illusion

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The face looks familiar

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Perceptual Organization

Gestalt — an organized whole — the whole may exceed the

sum of its partsForm perception

Figure and Ground — the organization of the visual field into objects (the figure) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

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A face or an Eskimo

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An old man or two young lovers

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A young lady or a man playing saxophone

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Salvador Dali’s Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire (1940)

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Grouping — the perceptual tendency

to organize stimuli into coherent groups

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Proximity

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Similarity

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Continuity

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Closure

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Depth Perception—learned or innate Visual Cliff

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Binocular Cues

Retinal disparity Convergence

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Monocular Cues: relative size —if separate objects are expected to be of the

same size, the larger ones are seen as closer

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Linear perspective — parallel lines appear to converge with distance

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Texture gradient — a texture is coarser for near areas and finer for more distant ones

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Interposition — the shapes of near objects overlap or mask of more distant ones

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Height in plane — near objects are low in the visual field; more distant ones are higher up

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Light and shadow—patterns of light and dark suggest shadows that can create an impression of three-dimensional forms

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Motion Perception—phi phenomenon

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Perceptual Constancy

ShapeSizeLightnessColor

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Color depends on context

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Perceptual Adaptation

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Perceptual Set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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Recognizing faces

Our schemas for faces prime us to see facial patterns

Average face?

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平均脸:more attractive?

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Recognizing the Perceptual World

Bottom-up processingTop-down processingNetwork processing

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Perception and Human Factor