Chapter 6: Neurobiology in Mental Health and Mental Disorder Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an...

Chapter 6:Chapter 6:

Neurobiology in Mental Health and Neurobiology in Mental Health and Mental DisorderMental Disorder

Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

22Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Neurobiology and Human Neurobiology and Human BehaviorBehavior

The brain is one of the most important and The brain is one of the most important and complex organs in the human bodycomplex organs in the human body

Controls multiple functionsControls multiple functions Psychiatric disorders are brain-based illnesses Psychiatric disorders are brain-based illnesses

with anatomic or physiologic componentswith anatomic or physiologic components Nurses need to understand the brain and its Nurses need to understand the brain and its

interaction with the nervous systeminteraction with the nervous system


Figure 6-1 Functional areas of the cerebral cortex. (From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: Figure 6-1 Functional areas of the cerebral cortex. (From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: Anatomy & physiologyAnatomy & physiology, ed 6, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.), ed 6, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.)


Figure 6-2 The limbic system. Figure 6-2 The limbic system.


Central and Peripheral Central and Peripheral Nervous SystemNervous System

One of the most complex and vital structures One of the most complex and vital structures in the bodyin the body

Brain weighs 3 to 5 pounds and contains Brain weighs 3 to 5 pounds and contains 140 billion cells 140 billion cells

CNS: composed of the spinal cord and brainCNS: composed of the spinal cord and brain PNS: peripheral nerves and 12 pairs of PNS: peripheral nerves and 12 pairs of

cranial nervescranial nerves


NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomy

Cerebrum: largest part of the brainCerebrum: largest part of the brain Frontal lobe: controls voluntary actionsFrontal lobe: controls voluntary actions Prefrontal cortex: cognition, memory, and Prefrontal cortex: cognition, memory, and

analytical functionsanalytical functions Temporal lobe: language, memory, and Temporal lobe: language, memory, and

emotionemotion Occipital lobe: visual, color recognitionOccipital lobe: visual, color recognition Parietal lobe: sensory processing centerParietal lobe: sensory processing center


Figure 6-3 Structural features of neurons: dendrites, cell body, and axon. (From Lewis Figure 6-3 Structural features of neurons: dendrites, cell body, and axon. (From Lewis SM et al: SM et al: Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problemsMedical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems , ed , ed 7, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.)7, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.)


Figure 6-4 Electrical and chemical synapses. Figure 6-4 Electrical and chemical synapses. A,A, Electrical synapses involve gap junctions Electrical synapses involve gap junctions that allow action potentials to move from cell to cell directly by allowing electrical current that allow action potentials to move from cell to cell directly by allowing electrical current to flow between cells. to flow between cells. B,B, Chemical synapses involve transmitter chemicals Chemical synapses involve transmitter chemicals (neurotransmitters) that signal postsynaptic cells, possibly inducing an action potential. (neurotransmitters) that signal postsynaptic cells, possibly inducing an action potential. (From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: (From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: Anatomy & physiologyAnatomy & physiology, ed 6, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.), ed 6, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.)


NeuroimagingNeuroimaging

Modern brain imaging helps to explain the Modern brain imaging helps to explain the brains structure, function, and relationship brains structure, function, and relationship with psychiatric illnesswith psychiatric illness


Figure 6-5Figure 6-5 Neuroimaging techniques. Neuroimaging techniques. A,A, Computed tomography scan. (From Thibodeau GA, Patton Computed tomography scan. (From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: KT: Anatomy & physiologyAnatomy & physiology, ed 6, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.), ed 6, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.)


Figure 6-5Figure 6-5 Neuroimaging techniques. Neuroimaging techniques. B,B, Magnetic resonance imaging scan. Magnetic resonance imaging scan. C,C, Positron Positron emission tomography scan. (From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: emission tomography scan. (From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: Anatomy & physiologyAnatomy & physiology, ed , ed 6, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.)6, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.)


NeuroscienceNeuroscience

Emerging fields (such as genetics, stem cell Emerging fields (such as genetics, stem cell research) continue to develop advanced research) continue to develop advanced technologies that lead to improved medical technologies that lead to improved medical and nursing care for patients with and nursing care for patients with neurobiologic disorders.neurobiologic disorders.

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