Chapter 6 - Memory - Incomplete(1)
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Transcript of Chapter 6 - Memory - Incomplete(1)
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Memory
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Types of Memory
• Two types of memory use:– ______________: involves conscious effort
– ______________: does NOT involve effort
– These two types of memory describe the ______________
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Types of Memory• Two types of memory content:
– _________________: memory for facts and events• ______________= memory for personal events• ______________= memory for facts and the basic
meanings of words and concepts
– _________________: memory for how to do things
– These two types of memory describe the _____________
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Your recollection of how to use your clicker is an example of ____________ memory, whereas your recollection of the events from your first day of class this semester is an example of ____________ memory.
A. procedural; semanticB. semantic; proceduralC. procedural; episodicD. episodic; semantic
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Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory.
A. explicitB. flashbulbC. implicitD. sensory
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Overview of Memory Processes• Encoding
– Initial processing of information that leads to a representation in memory
• Storage– Retention of encoded material over time
• Retrieval– Recovery of stored information at a later time– ___________– ___________
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The Information-Processing Model of Memory
• _________________– Represents physical features of sensory stimuli for a
few seconds or less• Iconic memory = visual• Echoic memory = sounds
• _________________– Includes working memory
• Refers to what is going on in short-term memory• Involves active processing of information in short-term
memory– Limited capacity– Lasts only briefly without rehearsal
• _________________– Nearly unlimited capacity
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The Information-Processing Model of Memory
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What Factors Influence Recall?
• Demonstration 1 – Word List
• Demonstration 2 – Word List
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Demonstration 1
List 1 List 2 List 3
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What Does Demonstration 1 Tell Us About Memory?
Serial Position Effect
• _________________– Enhanced recall of information
at the beginning of a list– _____________
• _________________– Enhanced recall of information
at the end of a list– _____________________
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Demonstration 2
List 1 List 2 List 3
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What Does Demonstration 2 Tell Us About Memory?
• The _____________is not evident if there is a delay and/or interference
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Demonstration 3
• How many pieces of information can a person remember?
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Chunking
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What Does Experiment 3 Tell Us About Memory?
• We can hold _______ pieces of information in short-term memory – _______ pieces of information
• But, with ______________, we can hold more pieces of information
• _____________ = reconfiguring items by grouping them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle– Combining items into larger patterns
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Before and After Chunking…
Before:After:
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What Factors Influence Memory?
• Demonstration 4
• On each slide you must follow the directions for the target word– # of upper case letters– Rhyme with ?– Use in a sentence
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hello
# Upper Case?
EXAMPLE
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tooth
# Upper Case?
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trees
Rhyme with Dinner?
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desk
Write a sentence using the word.
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basket
# Upper Case?
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kettle
Write a sentence using the word.
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seven
Rhyme with heaven?
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nose
# Upper Case?
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book
Rhyme with cook?
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paper
Write a sentence using the word.
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section
Write a sentence using the word.
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names
# Upper Case?
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example
Rhyme with speaker?
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balloon
# Upper Case?
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page
Write a sentence using the word.
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fan
Rhyme with screen?
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key
Rhyme with sea?
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goose
# Upper Case?
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Write a sentence using the word.
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football
# Upper Case?
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sidewalk
Write a sentence using the word.
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carpet
Rhyme with largest?
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Recall Target Words
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How many did you remember?List 1 List 2 List 3
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How many words did you remember from List 1?
A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 5G. 6H. 7
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How many words did you remember from List 2?
A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 5G. 6H. 7
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How many words did you remember from List 3?
A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 5G. 6H. 7
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What Does Demonstration 4 Tell Us About Memory?
Levels-of-Processing Theory
– Shallow processing (visual encoding)
– Deep processing (semantic encoding)
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Levels-of-Processing Theory
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Why Do We Forget? –Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
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Why Do We Forget? - Interference
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Why Do We Forget? - Amnesia
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Jerry suffered a brain injury when a steel beam fell on his head. He cannot remember anything that has happened since the accident. Jerry is experiencing ____________ amnesia.
A. retrogradeB. anterogradeC. retroactiveD. proactive
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How Does Brain Damage Affect Memory?
• The case of H.M.– Case study of 27-year-old man with epilepsy– Brain surgery removed part of brain, including
his hippocampus• Could not form new memories
– ______________________• Also lost some old memories
– ______________________• Normal intelligence and working memory
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H.M.’s Brain Surgery
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Studying H.M.’s Brain at UCSD
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Biological Aspects of Memory• _________________
– Procedural memory and classically conditioned responses
• _________________– Sensory memories
• ______________________________– Declarative memory (facts, dates, names)– Memories of emotional significance (amygdala)
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Study Smarter: What does memory research suggest about how to study effectively?
1. Show What You Know2. Test Prep3. LearningCurve
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