Chapter 6 Learning - Weebly · lc qe>q ?be>sflo fk qeb crqrob tebob>p > mrkfpejbkq abqbop qeb...
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Transcript of Chapter 6 Learning - Weebly · lc qe>q ?be>sflo fk qeb crqrob tebob>p > mrkfpejbkq abqbop qeb...
Chapter 6
Learning
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6.1 What Is Learning?
Learning Objectives
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6.2 Classical Conditioning
Learning Objectives
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Table 6.2 Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
Reinforcement Punishment
0LPFQFSB 3LJBQEFKD�FP added QL increase QEBIFHBIFELLA�LC�>�?BE>SFLO�
3LJBQEFKD�FP added QL decrease QEBIFHBIFELLA�LC�>�?BE>SFLO�
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3LJBQEFKD�FP removed QL decrease QEBIFHBIFELLA�LC�>�?BE>SFLO�
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&LO BU>JMIB VLR QBII VLRO CFSB�VB>O�LIA PLK *BOLJB QE>Q FC EB @IB>KP EFP OLLJ EB TFII DBQ > QLV� *BOLJBNRF@HIV @IB>KP EFP OLLJ ?B@>RPB EB T>KQP > KBT >OQ PBQ� ,BQsP M>RPB CLO > JLJBKQ� 3LJB MBLMIB JFDEQP>V p7EV PELRIA ) OBT>OA JV @EFIA CLO ALFKD TE>Q FP BUMB@QBA�q "RQ FK C>@Q TB >OB @LKPQ>KQIV >KA@LKPFPQBKQIV OBT>OABA FK LRO IFSBP� /RO M>V@EB@HP >OB OBT>OAP >P >OB EFDE DO>ABP >KA >@@BMQ>K@B FKQLLRO MOBCBOOBA P@ELLI� "BFKD MO>FPBA CLO ALFKD > DLLA GL? >KA CLO M>PPFKD > AOFSBOsP QBPQ FP >IPL > OBT>OA�0LPFQFSB OBFKCLO@BJBKQ >P > IB>OKFKD QLLI FP BUQOBJBIV BCCB@QFSB� )Q E>P ?BBK CLRKA QE>Q LKB LC QEB JLPQBCCB@QFSB T>VP QL FK@OB>PB >@EFBSBJBKQ FK P@ELLI AFPQOF@QP TFQE ?BILT�>SBO>DB OB>AFKD P@LOBP T>P QL M>VQEB @EFIAOBK QL OB>A� 3MB@FCF@>IIV PB@LKA�DO>AB PQRABKQP FK $>II>P TBOB M>FA �� B>@E QFJB QEBV OB>A > ?LLH>KA M>PPBA > PELOQ NRFW >?LRQ QEB ?LLH� 4EB OBPRIQ T>P > PFDKFCF@>KQ FK@OB>PB FK OB>AFKD @LJMOBEBKPFLK&OVBO ����� 7E>Q AL VLR QEFKH >?LRQ QEFP MOLDO>J� )C 3HFKKBO TBOB >IFSB QLA>V EB TLRIA MOL?>?IVQEFKH QEFP T>P > DOB>Q FAB>� (B T>P > PQOLKD MOLMLKBKQ LC RPFKD LMBO>KQ @LKAFQFLKFKD MOFK@FMIBP QLFKCIRBK@B PQRABKQPs ?BE>SFLO >Q P@ELLI� )K C>@Q FK >AAFQFLK QL QEB 3HFKKBO ?LU EB >IPL FKSBKQBA TE>QEB @>IIBA > QB>@EFKD J>@EFKB QE>Q T>P ABPFDKBA QL OBT>OA PJ>II PQBMP FK IB>OKFKD 3HFKKBO ����o>KB>OIV CLOBORKKBO LC @LJMRQBO�>PPFPQBA IB>OKFKD� (FP QB>@EFKD J>@EFKB QBPQBA PQRABKQPs HKLTIBADB >PQEBV TLOHBA QEOLRDE S>OFLRP P@ELLI PR?GB@QP� )C PQRABKQP >KPTBOBA NRBPQFLKP @LOOB@QIV QEBV OB@BFSBAFJJBAF>QB MLPFQFSB OBFKCLO@BJBKQ >KA @LRIA @LKQFKRB� FC QEBV >KPTBOBA FK@LOOB@QIV QEBV AFA KLQ OB@BFSB>KV OBFKCLO@BJBKQ� 4EB FAB> T>P QE>Q PQRABKQP TLRIA PMBKA >AAFQFLK>I QFJB PQRAVFKD QEB J>QBOF>I QLFK@OB>PB�QEBFO�@E>K@B�LC�?BFKD�OBFKCLO@BA�QEB�KBUQ�QFJB�3HFKKBO ������
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Table 6.3 Reinforcement Schedules
ReinforcementSchedule
Description Result Example
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7FQE > variable interval reinforcement schedule QEB MBOPLK LO >KFJ>I DBQP QEB OBFKCLO@BJBKQ ?>PBALK S>OVFKD >JLRKQP LC QFJB TEF@E >OB RKMOBAF@Q>?IB� 3>V QE>Q ->KRBI FP QEB J>K>DBO >Q > C>PQ�CLLAOBPQ>RO>KQ� %SBOV LK@B FK > TEFIB PLJBLKB COLJ QEB NR>IFQV @LKQOLI AFSFPFLK @LJBP QL ->KRBIsP OBPQ>RO>KQ�)C QEB OBPQ>RO>KQ FP @IB>K >KA QEB PBOSF@B FP C>PQ BSBOVLKB LK QE>Q PEFCQ B>OKP > ��� ?LKRP� ->KRBI KBSBOHKLTP TEBK QEB NR>IFQV @LKQOLI MBOPLK TFII PELT RM PL EB >IT>VP QOFBP QL HBBM QEB OBPQ>RO>KQ @IB>K >KABKPROBP QE>Q EFP BJMILVBBP MOLSFAB MOLJMQ >KA @LROQBLRP PBOSF@B� (FP MOLAR@QFSFQV OBD>OAFKD MOLJMQPBOSF@B�>KA�HBBMFKD�>�@IB>K�OBPQ>RO>KQ�>OB�PQB>AV�?B@>RPB�EB�T>KQP�EFP�@OBT�QL�B>OK�QEB�?LKRP�
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acquisition
associative learning
classical conditioning
cognitive map
conditioned response (CR)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
continuous reinforcement
extinction
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
habituation
higher-order conditioning
instinct
latent learning
law of effect
learning
model
negative punishment
negative reinforcement
neutral stimulus (NS)
observational learning
operant conditioning
partial reinforcement
Key Terms
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positive punishment
positive reinforcement
primary reinforcer
punishment
reflex
reinforcement
secondary reinforcer
shaping
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
unconditioned response (UCR)
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
variable interval reinforcement schedule
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
vicarious punishment
vicarious reinforcement
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Summary
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6.2 Classical Conditioning0>SILSsP MFLKBBOFKD TLOH TFQE ALDP @LKQOF?RQBA DOB>QIV QL TE>Q TB HKLT >?LRQ IB>OKFKD� (FP BUMBOFJBKQPBUMILOBA QEB QVMB LC >PPL@F>QFSB IB>OKFKD TB KLT @>II @I>PPF@>I @LKAFQFLKFKD� )K @I>PPF@>I @LKAFQFLKFKD LOD>KFPJP IB>OK QL >PPL@F>QB BSBKQP QE>Q OBMB>QBAIV E>MMBK QLDBQEBO >KA OBPB>O@EBOP PQRAV ELT > OBCIBUFSBOBPMLKPB QL > PQFJRIRP @>K ?B J>MMBA QL > AFCCBOBKQ PQFJRIRPo?V QO>FKFKD >K >PPL@F>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEBQTL PQFJRIF� 0>SILSsP BUMBOFJBKQP PELT ELT PQFJRIRP�OBPMLKPB ?LKAP >OB CLOJBA� 7>QPLK QEB CLRKABOLC ?BE>SFLOFPJ T>P DOB>QIV FKCIRBK@BA ?V 0>SILSsP TLOH� (B QBPQBA ERJ>KP ?V @LKAFQFLKFKD CB>O FK >K
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6.3 Operant Conditioning/MBO>KQ @LKAFQFLKFKD FP ?>PBA LK QEB TLOH LC "� &� 3HFKKBO� /MBO>KQ @LKAFQFLKFKD FP > CLOJ LC IB>OKFKD FKTEF@E QEB JLQFS>QFLK CLO > ?BE>SFLO E>MMBKP after QEB ?BE>SFLO FP ABJLKPQO>QBA� !K >KFJ>I LO > ERJ>KOB@BFSBP > @LKPBNRBK@B >CQBO MBOCLOJFKD > PMB@FCF@ ?BE>SFLO� 4EB @LKPBNRBK@B FP BFQEBO > OBFKCLO@BO LO> MRKFPEBO� !II OBFKCLO@BJBKQ MLPFQFSB LO KBD>QFSB increases QEB IFHBIFELLA LC > ?BE>SFLO>I OBPMLKPB�!II MRKFPEJBKQ MLPFQFSB LO KBD>QFSB decreases QEB IFHBIFELLA LC > ?BE>SFLO>I OBPMLKPB� 3BSBO>I QVMBP LCOBFKCLO@BJBKQ�P@EBARIBP�>OB�RPBA�QL�OBT>OA�?BE>SFLO�ABMBKAFKD�LK�BFQEBO�>�PBQ�LO�S>OF>?IB�MBOFLA�LC�QFJB�
6.4 Observational Learning (Modeling)!@@LOAFKD QL ">KARO> IB>OKFKD @>K L@@RO ?V T>Q@EFKD LQEBOP >KA QEBK JLABIFKD TE>Q QEBV AL LO P>V�4EFP FP HKLTK >P L?PBOS>QFLK>I IB>OKFKD� 4EBOB >OB PMB@FCF@ PQBMP FK QEB MOL@BPP LC JLABIFKD QE>Q JRPQ?B CLIILTBA FC IB>OKFKD FP QL ?B PR@@BPPCRI� 4EBPB PQBMP FK@IRAB >QQBKQFLK OBQBKQFLK OBMOLAR@QFLK >KAJLQFS>QFLK� 4EOLRDE JLABIFKD ">KARO> E>P PELTK QE>Q @EFIAOBK IB>OK J>KV QEFKDP ?LQE DLLA >KA ?>APFJMIV�?V�T>Q@EFKD�QEBFO�M>OBKQP �PF?IFKDP �>KA�LQEBOP�
Review Questions
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Critical Thinking Questions
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Personal Application Questions
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