Chapter 6

Iroquois Lands & Iroquois Lands & European Trade European Trade

CentersCenters

Iroquois Lands & Iroquois Lands & European Trade European Trade

CentersCentersNew France wasestablished for:

-Fur trapping -To gain control from the Mississippi to its mouth (NewOrleans, Louisiana

Anglo-French Wars Anglo-French Wars move to North move to North

AmericaAmerica

Anglo-French Wars Anglo-French Wars move to North move to North

AmericaAmerica

Meanwhile, back on the European Continent…

•King William’s War1689-1697

•Queen Anne’s War1702-1713

•King George’s War1742-1748

•French and Indian War1754-1763 (a.k.a. Seven Years War)

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George George WashingtonWashington ** Delaware & Shawnee Delaware & Shawnee IndiansIndians

(defeated but was allowed to retreat, GUESS THE DATE?)(defeated but was allowed to retreat, GUESS THE DATE?)

The The Ohio River Ohio River

ValleyValley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

• Albany CongressAlbany Congress It failed because It failed because Iroquois broke off relations with Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the Britain & threatened to trade with the French.French.

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

•Was a meeting of representatives of seven of the Colonies: Connecticut, Mary land, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island

•Representatives met daily at Albany, New York to discuss better relations with the Indian tribes and common defensive measures against the French.

Franklin’s Political Cartoon that Impacted History

• First used in 1754 to gather support for the the Albany Plan of Union• Later used again for the

Revolution

Albany Plan of Union

• Proposed by Ben Franklin• East colonial legislature would select

representatives to a Grand Council• Based on the Iroquois League of Six Nations• Used to protect colonies against Indians who

were going to side with the French• Appeal to the colonies to unify against the threat

from France• Not adopted but it was the first attempt at uniting

the colonies together

•Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the French evict the French from the Ohio Valley & Canada from the Ohio Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

•Attacks Ohio Valley, Mohawk Valley,& Attacks Ohio Valley, Mohawk Valley,& AcadiaAcadia

•Killed 10 miles from Ft. Duquesne Killed 10 miles from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 by 1500 French and Indian forces.French and Indian forces.

•George Washington had 2 horses shot from George Washington had 2 horses shot from underneath him and four bullet holes in his underneath him and four bullet holes in his coat.coat.

•Only British Success Only British Success expelled France from expelled France from Louisiana. Louisiana. Acadians/CAJUNSAcadians/CAJUNS

1755 1755 Britain Decides to Eliminate Britain Decides to Eliminate French Presence in North AmericaFrench Presence in North America

1755 1755 Britain Decides to Eliminate Britain Decides to Eliminate French Presence in North AmericaFrench Presence in North America

Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited both sides! exploited both sides!

Lord Lord LoudouinLoudouin

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

•He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

•He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:

•colonial loyalty & military cooperationcolonial loyalty & military cooperation

•British would reimburse colonial British would reimburse colonial assemblies for their costs.assemblies for their costs.

•Lord Loudoun would be removed.Lord Loudoun would be removed.

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale increased by Colonial morale increased by 1758.1758.

** By 1761, Spain had become an ally of By 1761, Spain had become an ally of FranceFrance

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

Causes

•Both wanted more land -- the Ohio River Valley

•Both fought over fishing rights near Nova Scotia(part of Canada)

•Both wanted power

•Both wanted money

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Prima Donna British officers with British officers with servants & tea servants & tea settings.settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India. in India.

Treaty of Paris of Treaty of Paris of 17631763

Treaty of Paris of Treaty of Paris of 17631763

Effects of F & I War

• Washington got military training that would help him later

• English won – France was forced to sign the Treaty of Paris of 1763

• Got the Ohio River Valley

• Settlers hopeful of westward expansion beyond Appalachian Mountains

Effects of F & I War

• Got the fishing rights when France gave up Canada

• English treasury was emptied out because the war cost too much – needed $$$$

• Government needed to tighten its administrative hold on the colonies

• Decided to reinvigorate the mercantile system

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time – time – a spirit of a spirit of independenceindependence..2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Problem with Mercantilism

• The colonies produced too many products for England so they started selling to other countries

• The English government “turned a blind eye” to colonies trading outside of England.

• Salutary neglect

But after the French & Indian War

• Changed economic policy….

• From Salutary Neglect to strict enforcement with the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663– All products must be sold through England, no

direct sales to other countries

• Cracked down on smuggling

Effects of the F & I War

• Raised taxes =Colonists got mad• England became most powerful country• But, colonists realized British were not

invincible and started thinking of themselves as American rather than British

• Colonists wanted to take a more independent stand

• Learned to work together and cooperate

17631763 Pontiac’s Pontiac’s RebellionRebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

At the end of the F & I War

Cause

England had more land on which to settle

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Effect

Indians upset with invading settlers

Proclamation of 1763

Proclamation of 1763

• Settlers were prohibited from crossing the Appalachian Mountains to claim land

• No militiamen would be sent to protect anyone who ignored the law