Chapter 6 Human Geography of the United States: Shaping an Abundant Land
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Transcript of Chapter 6 Human Geography of the United States: Shaping an Abundant Land
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Chapter 6Human Geography of the United States: Shaping an
Abundant LandThe United States has grown
both physically and economically. In the 20th
century, the U.S. set aside isolationism and became the
world’s sole superpower.
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Chapter 6
Section 1: History and Government of the United States
Section 2: Economy and Culture of the United States
Section 3: Subregions of the United States
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Section 1: History and Government of the United
States
• The United States is a “nation of immigrants,” settled by people from all over the world.
• The United States is the most diverse and highly industrialized and urbanized nation in the world.
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Section 1: History and Government of the United
StatesCreating a NationRoom to Move• The United States:- occupies two-fifths of North America- world’s third largest country in land area,
population• Rich resources and moderate climate
have always attracted immigrants- constant migration—movement—of
peoples within the country
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Creating a Nation
Many Peoples Settle the Land• By 11,000 B.C. Asian nomads spread out, develop
different cultures as they spread into different areas.
• Spaniards are first Europeans to arrive in the “New World”
- They would settle in St. Augustine (Florida) making it the oldest permanent European settlement (1565).
• In the early 1600s French settlers arrive- settle northern Atlantic Coast along St. Lawrence
River (Canada) because they were interested in fisheries and fur trade
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Creating a Nation
Many Peoples Settle the Land• About the same time English settlers land- They settle along Atlantic Coast from
present-day Maine to Georgia- first permanent English settlement
Jamestown, Virginia (1607)• They Displace Native Americans and bring
African slaves to work their plantations• Columbian Exchange between Old, New
Worlds: plants, animals, disease between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
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Creating a Nation
Establishing and Maintaining the Union
• French and English fight over trade and territory in North America
- English gain control of everything east of Mississippi in 1763
• American Revolution (1775–1783): British colonies form United States
• 1803 Louisiana Purchase from France doubles size of U.S. includes plains between Mississippi and Rockies
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Creating a Nation
Establishing and Maintaining the Union• In early 1800s Western European immigrants
arrive in large numbers- settle in Northeast industrial cities and Midwest
farmlands• Sectionalism—loyalty to region over nation—
grows, creates tension- industrial North versus agricultural South and its
slave labor- All of this tension grows into the Civil War,
which was fought between North and South from 1861 to 1865
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An Industrial and Urban Society
Westward Movement• Pioneers venture west over rugged terrain
during mid- to late 1800s- Oregon Trail—2,000 miles, 6 months over
prairie, desert, mountains• Government moved Native Americans off
land by treaties and by force• The US also created the Transcontinental
railroad that was completed in 1869• Frontier — free, open land between the
Mississippi and the Pacific was fully settled with about 17 million people by 1890s
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An Industrial and Urban Society
Industrialization and Urbanization• 14 million European immigrants
enter U.S. between 1860 and 1900- go west or to urban centers like New
York, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago• Rather than farm, many work in
textile, steel, oil, food processing
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World Power and Domestic Change
Looking Beyond Its Borders• U.S. avoided involvement in foreign
affairs during its growth period- had own resources, food, factories;
separated from conflicts by oceans• This was changed by depression and
world wars, the US was the only strong economy after WWII.
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Social Change and Technological Growth
• Rapid social change in second half of 20th century include:
- migration to suburbs—the communities outside cities
- migration from cold Northeast and Midwest to warmer South and West
• Immigrants arrive from Latin America and Asia• Unrest in ’60s and ’70s: civil rights, feminist
movement, Vietnam
Living in a Global SocietyUS influence spreads throughout the world
after WWII.• Cold War (1945–1991): U.S. leads nations against
communism, U.S.S.R.• U.S. is sole superpower after collapse of European
communism in 1991
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Governing the People
The United States’ Political System• Representative democracy—people
rule through elected representatives• Federal republic—powers divided
between national, state governments• Three separate, equal branches:- executive branch headed by president,
carries out laws- legislative branch makes laws- judicial branch interprets laws, reviews
lower court decisions
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Section 2: Economy and Culture of the United
States• The United States has the world’s
largest and most diversified economy.
• American products and popular culture are recognized around the world.
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Section 2: Economy and Culture of the United
StatesThe World’s Greatest Economic PowerThe U.S. Leads• World’s largest economy: agricultural,
manufacturing, trade leader- U.S. accounts for more than 10% of world’s exports- exports—goods sold to another country• Success is due to resources, skilled labor, stable
political system• Free enterprise economy:- privately owned resources, technology, businesses- businesses operate for profit with little
governmental control
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The World’s Greatest Economic Power
An Agricultural and Industrial Giant• Due to fertile soil, early farm mechanization,
U.S. accounts for:- 40% of world’s corn; 20% of cotton; 10% of
wheat, cattle, hogs• Crop farming in Midwest, South; livestock
ranching in West• Largest industrial output in world includes:- petroleum, steel, electronics,
telecommunications, lumber, mining• U.S. advances in electronics, computers
revolutionize industry
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The World’s Greatest Economic Power
An Agricultural and Industrial Giant• Industrial centers:- older: Atlantic Coast, Great Lakes- newer: urban South, Pacific coast• Areas become associated with certain
products:- Detroit: automobiles- Seattle: aircraft- Silicon Valley (northern California):
computers
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The World’s Greatest Economic Power
A Postindustrial Economy• A service industry produces a service rather
than a product- Examples: information processing, transportation,
medicine, education• Postindustrial economy—manufacturing no
longer dominant• U.S. is leading importer and exporter- exports raw materials, agricultural products,
manufacturing goods- imports automobiles, electronics, machinery,
apparel- Canada and Mexico are major trade partners• Many American corporations are Multinationals—
corporations that do business all over the world
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A Diverse Society
The American Melting Pot• Nation of immigrants; largest ethnic
groups include:- English/Irish/Scot, German, African,
French, Italian, Polish, Mexican• Europeans ancestry accounts for 70%
of population followed by:- 13% Hispanic, 12% African American,
4% Asian, 1% Native American
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A Diverse Society
Languages and Religion• English is dominant language,
Spanish is second most common• Religious breakdown:- 85% Christian (56% Protestant, 28%
Catholic)- Jews, Muslims 2% each
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A Diverse Society
The Arts and Popular Culture• First artists Native Americans: pottery, weaving,
carvings• American styles bloom in 1800s- literature, landscape painting, architecture
(skyscrapers)• Hollywood is filmmaking center of U.S., supplies
movies to the world• American music developed from various ethnic
groups:- jazz, blues, gospel, and rock ‘n’ roll have African-
American origins- country and bluegrass come from Southern whites
of British ancestry
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American Life Today
Where Americans Live• U.S. population: 280 million; 80% live
in cities or suburbs• Effective transportation (roads,
railroads, airlines) aids mobility
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American Life Today
How Americans Live, Work, and Play• Almost 50% of working-age Americans are employed- almost half are women; 70% have service industry jobs• More than 10% of Americans live in poverty• Kids age 6 to16 are required to attend school,- 90% attend public schools, which are free through
secondary school• U.S. has over 2,300 4-year public and private colleges,
universities• Leisure activities: hobbies, museums, libraries, TV,
films, computers- sports: baseball, basketball, football, golf, soccer,
tennis, skiing
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Section 3: Subregions of the United States
• The United States is divided into four major economic and cultural subregions.
• There are both similarities and differences among the subregions of the United States.
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Section 3: Subregions of the United States
The Northeast
The Region• New England—six northern states of
Northeast:- Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Mass.,
Rhode Island, Connecticut• Middle Atlantic states: Pennsylvania, New
York, New Jersey• Northeast has only 5% of land, but 20% of
population
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The Northeast
America’s Gateway• Europeans settled here first; region
served as immigration “gateway”• Northeast was, and is, U.S. heart of
trade, commerce, industry- Philadelphia, Boston, New York City:
international trade centers- U.S. industrialization fueled by
Pennsylvania coal, iron ore, oil
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Continued The Northeast
America’s Gateway• Today most people are employed in
manufacturing, service industries• Rich farmland in Pennsylvania, New
York, New Jersey• New England too hilly, rocky for much
agriculture• “Rust belt”: some Mid-Atlantic industry
declined, so they moved south and west
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The Northeast
Growth of the Megalopolis• Megalopolis—several large cities
grow together- “BoWash:” Boston, New York City,
Philadelphia, Washington, D.C.- 500 miles; 1/6 of U.S. population;
connected by road, rail, air links
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The Midwest
The Region• The Midwest—north-central U.S.,
known as the American Heartland
- 1/5 of U.S. land, 1/4 of population- early settlers came from Britain,
Germany, Scandinavia
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Continued The Midwest
Agricultural and Industrial Heartland• Central location, soil, climate make it
nation’s “breadbasket”- corn, wheat, soy beans, meat, dairy; meat-
packing, food-processing• Trade with distribution on Great Lakes,
Mississippi, and Chicago (hub)- cities near Great Lakes: Chicago, Cleveland,
Detroit, Milwaukee- Cities on rivers: Cincinnati, St. Louis,
Minneapolis/St. Paul, Omaha
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Continued The Midwest
Changing Face of the Midwest• Farm numbers declining, more
people working in service industries• Metropolitan areas continue to
expand as people leave cities for suburbs
• People and industries moving to warmer South and West
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The South
The Region• The South—1/4 of U.S. land,
more than 1/3 of population- 11 states were once part of the Civil
War Confederacy- Texas was in Confederacy,
sometimes considered part of Southwest
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Continued The South
The Old South• Virginia was England’s first American
colony• South’s ethnic mix includes Africans,
Hispanics, Cajuns, Creoles• Once agricultural, rural; now rapidly
changing, cities growing
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Continued The South
The New South• Agriculture: cotton, tobacco, fruits, peanuts, rice,
livestock• Energy resources and air conditioning boost
industry in 1950s- “Sunbelt” attracts manufacturing, tourists, retirees- Their industries: petroleum, steel, chemicals,
textiles, electronics• metropolitan areas—large cities and nearby
suburbs, towns- Atlanta (hub); Miami, New Orleans, Houston,
Dallas, San Antonio
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The West
The Region• The West—from Great Plains to
Pacific, plus Alaska and Hawaii- 1/2 of U.S. land, 1/5 of population- people settle where climate and
landforms are most favorable
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Continued The West
Developing the West• California is most populous state- Los Angeles the West’s cultural, commercial
center• Rapid 20th-century growth due to air
conditioning, irrigation- Colorado River has water diverted to Las
Vegas, Tucson, and Phoenix• Economy: foreign trade with Asia with
varied industries- The west has farms, ranches, logging, fish,
mines, oil, tourism, film, computers.