Chapter 6How did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

Lesson One: War, Prosperity, and

DepressionHow did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

WarHow did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

War on the Horizon

•Revolution in Mexico•March 9, 1916•Pancho Villa entered Columbus, New Mexico

Mexican Expedition

•Pres. Wilson sent troops to capture Pancho Villa

•Gen. Pershing pursued PanchoVilla

Tested

World War I

•Allies = Great Britain, France, and Russia•Central Powers = Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey

Zimmermann Note

•Interception of telegram sent from Germany to Mexico

•Germany promised Mexico all territory lost

•U.S was forced to act

“We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted

submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep

the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not

succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the

following basis: make war together, make peace together,

generous financial support and an understanding on our part that

Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico,

and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will

inform the president of the above most secretly as soon as the

outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and

add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite

Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate

between Japan and ourselves. Please call the president’s

attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our

submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a

few months to make peace.”

Wartime NM

•7000 New Mexicans served

•Training in NM

•Camp Cody, near Deming

Selective Service Act

•Congress passes the draft•Men between 21 and 30•8500 New Mexicans were drafted

James

Montgomery

Flagg

Lord Kitchner

Homefront

•More crops, more livestock

•Coal mining and railroading increased

•Mexican immigrants looked for peace

War Ends

•November 1918

•250+ New Mexicans died

Essential Questions

1. Why did the U.S join WWI?

2. Name three ways New Mexico

contributed to the war effort.

3. What is the selective service

act?

ProsperityHow did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

Roaring 20s

•Peace, prosperity, and new ideas•Consumers of new goods

Automobile

•Model T, Henry Ford, 1908

•Opened up the country

•Affordable

Route 66

•One of the original highways

•November 11, 1926

•Illinois to California

Illinois: 301 miles

Missouri: 317 miles

Kansas: 13 miles

Oklahoma: 432 miles

Texas: 186 miles

New Mexico: 487 miles

Arizona: 401 miles

California: 314 miles

Total: 2448 miles

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUWyKe1N4_s

Service Industries

•Cars gave jobs to New Mexicans

•Roads, motels, restaurants

Tourism

•NM, favorite destination

•Tourist guides

•Southwest Indian Detours

New Inventions

•NM finally got more electricity

•Appliances

•Luxury items

Boom

•People buy stocks (investments)

•They are called shareholders

•Company succeeds, shareholders get money

“I have no fears

for the future of

our country. It is

bright with hope.”

Bust

•Borrowed to buy more stocks

•October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday)

•Panic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yp7u328PKu4

Essential Questions

1. Why were the 1920s a time of

prosperity?

2. What new inventions were in

high demand?

3. How is Disney’s Cars related to

New Mexico?

DepressionHow did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

Great Depression

•Domino affect: shareholders sell, companies go bankrupt, no jobs, unpaid loans, no more banks, no withdraws

•Economic Depression: the economy suffered

NM Suffers

•1933, worst year

•25% unemployment

•NM already suffered, depression made it worse

Dust Bowl

•Severe drought

•Region: Great Plains

•Dust was everywhere

•Farmers moved

•People fled

Blackdom

•All black community•Francis Marion Boyer, founder 1901•Looked for freedom from racism•Migrants traveled to California

Franklin D. Roosevelt

•Hoover was out, F.D.R was in

•“New Deal”•Provide relief•Economic recovery•Prevent another Great Depression

Works Progress Admin.

•Aka WPA

•Created public works

•Projects that benefit the public

•Largest and most famous

Artists and Writers

•Employment of artists

•Murals in public buildings

•Supported Native American art

•New Mexico: A Guide to the Colorful State

Essential Questions

1. What happened at the end of

the 1920s?

2. How did the Great Depression

affect NM?

3. Explain the F.D.R’s New Deal.

A New BeginningHow did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

Civilian Conservation Corps

•Aka CCC

•Young men lacking education

•$25 a month

•54000 served in NM, life changing

Received: food, shelter,

education, and medical

care

New Deal Leaders

•Clyde Tingley•2 term governor•NM received the most funding•Carrie TingleyHospital

New Deal Leaders

•Dennis Chavez•4 term U.S Senate•Most respected, powerful Hispanic senator

Denis Chavez

•Family moved to Abq. for an education

•Too poor, had to quit school

•Minority rights, Civil Rights Actof 1964

Native Americans and the Deal•John Collier helped the Natives the most

•CCC-185000 Natives did public works on Reservations

•Past laws were reversed: Dawes Act and Bursum Bill

Taylor Grazing Act•Collier’s Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 was a flop

•Government killed sheep and goats

•Overgrazing contributed to the Dust Bowl

Signs of Improvement•Late 1930s, the worst was over•Businesses opened again•NM’s economy improved•New Deal helped weather the storm

Essential Questions

1. What happened at the end of

the 1920s?

2. How did the Great Depression

affect NM?

3. Explain the F.D.R’s New Deal.

Lesson Two: New Mexicans Help

Win WWIIHow did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

The War BeginsHow did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

Background•1939 war begins

•Hitler believed Germans to be superior

•Holocaust

•Allies: England, France, Soviet Union

•Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan

WWII•U.S tried to stay neutral

•Pres. Roosevelt sent ships with supplies to the allies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q78COTwT7nE

Pearl Harbor•Dec. 7, 1941

•Pres. Roosevelt asks Congress to declare War

•Dec. 7 “A date which will live in infamy”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QG6jooK3Jxs

Defending the Philippines•1800 New Mexicans served in the National Guard

•U.S was in the Philippines before the attack on Pearl Harbor

•Japan attacks, U.S forced to surrender

Bataan Death March•April 1942, Japan captures troops

•65 mile march to a camp, remained there for 3 years

•Food and water was withheld

•Execution squads killed those lagging behind

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPbAd1TUGJA

Ernie Pyle•Ernie Pyle, most famous WWII reporter

•Was already in Europe

•Pyle reported from the front lines

•1945 shot and killed

•From Albuquerque

Bill Mauldin•Native from Southern NM

•War cartoon artist

•Willie and Joe, main characters

•Both important and inspirational

Navajo Code Talkers•400+ Navajo joined

•Created a secret code

•450 words in the code

•łóóʼtsoh = Whale = Battleship

•Few mistakes and fastest messengers

Essential Questions

1. Why did the U.S join WWII?

2. What is the Bataan Death

March?

3. Why were the Navajo Code

Talkers so important?

Can you keep a Secret?

How did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political, and social challenges of the 20th century?

Manhattan Project•Albert Einstein warned Pres. Roosevelt Germany was developing an atomic bomb

• If successful, Germany could win WWII

•The race was on, U.S vs. Germany

•The mission was the Manhattan Project

Location, Location, Location•Los Alamos was the ideal location

• Isolated area, few roads, accessible

•Ranch School was closed and became a testing site

•Ranch School became Project Y

Location, Location, Location•Trinity Site, located in the Jornada Del MuertoDessert

• Isolated, flat, lack of wind

•July 16, 1945 the bomb was tested

•Arizona, Colorado, and Texas could see the explosion

J. Robert Oppenheimer•Director of Project Y

•Summered at Los Alamos

•Respected in both the scientific and military field especially by General Groves’ respect

•2 years to develop

Maintaining Secrecy• Everything and everyone had code names

•Workers and families were not allowed more than 100 miles away

•Government monitored everything (phone calls and mail included)

•Only the scientists knew the project being worked on

Army Air Bases• Isolation and size made NM ideal

•Train pilots and crews for battle

•New planes and weapons were tested

•Albuquerque, Clovis, Carlsbad, Hobbs, and Roswell

Essential Questions

1. What is the Manhattan Project?

2. Who is Oppenheimer?

3. Where are the Army Air Bases

located at in New Mexico?

Fear of TraitorsHow did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

Japanese Internment

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkaGKSTYV4I

•Pearl Harbor caused fear to spread

•March 2, 1942 were “relocated”

•Families were separated

•Santa Fe and Lordsburg had internment camps

Making Amends•Once the war ended, the Japanese were gradually freed

•After years they were given an apology and $20,000

•Apology was made in 1988

George Takie

Fred Korematsu

POW•Roswell and Lordsburg had POW Camps

•The Germans and Italians worked on farms nearby

•NM’s POWs were treated decently

•Food, shelter, medical attention

The War Ends•May 1945 Germany surrenders

•Pres. Roosevelt died a month earlier

•War still going on in the Pacific

•Pres. Truman decides to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Wartime Economy•War for Europe = Horror and Destruction

•War for U.S = Prosperity

•Businesses boomed

•The Manhattan Project employed the most people

Working on Air Bases•Air bases hired civilians

•Civilians are people not enlisted in the army

•Albuquerque’s population increased the most

•Oil = black gold

•Hobbs and Farmington

Role of Women•Women worked in defense plants

•Rosie the Riveter assured the Allies they would have the supplies

•350,000 women served

•When the war ended, many lost their jobs

Bracero Program•Farm worker shortage solved with Bracero Program

•A bracero was a temporary farm worker

•NM became even more culturally diverse

•When the war ended, many lost their jobs

Essential Questions

1. What caused WWII to finally end?

2. What was NM’s economy like

during WWII?

3. What is the Bracero Program?

4. What role did women play in

WWII?

Lesson Three: New Mexico and the

Cold WarHow did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

Cold WarHow did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political,

and social challenges of the 20th century?

Capitalism vs. Communism•Capitalism: Allows for private ownership and free flow of services

•Communism: Government owns everything and controls the economy

•Communist citizens, no freedom of speech or religion, can’t leave without permission

Background•With WWII over a new conflict was on its way

•The threat of communism was spreading

•Cold War lasted half a century

The Beginning•WWII U.S and Soviet Union were allies

•U.S didn’t trust the Soviet Union due to communism

•WWII ended leaving them superpowers (a country with great economic, political, and military influence)

•With no trust each believed the other would attack, thus starting the Cold War

What is a Cold War?•A cold war is an intense competition between nations

•No direct fighting

•Nations fight through propaganda(information designed to persuade)

Arms Race•Soviets stole atomic bomb plans

•Tested in 1949

•The competition was on

• The competition became known as the arms race

Space Race•1957 Soviet Union launches Sputnik (first satellite)

•The space race was on

•Pres. Eisenhower passes a law focusing more on science and math

•U.S surpassed Soviet Union

NM’s Astronauts•1969 Neil Armstrong lands on the moon

•Harrison Schmitt of NM was the 12th and last astronaut on the moon

•Sid Gutierrez of NM was the first Hispanic astronaut

Schmitt

Gutierrez

Robert H. Goddard•Gave knowledge about shuttle to the moon

•1927, first test of liquid fueled rocket

•1930 moved to a ranch outside Roswell

•WWII approached and the U.S was interested in his findings

•1945, Goddard died

Essential Questions

1. What is Capitalism? Communism?

2. What is the domino affect?

3. What were the two competitions

during the Cold War?

4. Who is Robert H. Goddard?

Cold War Conflicts

How did New Mexicans respond to the economic, political, and social challenges of the 20th century?

I’ll just sit here

quietly, paying no

mind to North

Korea invading

South Korea, it

will be over soon

Korean War

Korean War•1950 South Korea was invaded

•U.S and 15 nations sent troops

•Sergeant Heroshireceived Medal of Honor

Vietnam War•1950s South Vietnam was invaded

•5 New Mexicans received Medal of Honor

•Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D.C

•Replica in T or C

Economic Growth•NM’s role as leader in defense increased

•Kirtland was the largest air base

•Manzano Mountains housed atomic bombs

Kirtland Holloman

Cannon Walker

Research Laboratories •Los Alamos continued after Manhattan Project

•Los Alamos and Sandia were the most important

•Developed hydrogen bombs

•Super computers

White Sands Missile Range•Covers 200+ square miles

•Public can only visit sometimes

Uranium Mining•Needed for nuclear weapons

•More found in NM

•Uranium mining in Grants

Population and Prosperity•Air force bases + laboratories + mines = < population

•Abq.’s population doubled

•1950 half NM’s population lived in cities

Cold War Ends•1991 Cold War ends

•U.S greatest superpower thanks to NM

Nuclear Waste•Uranium causes radiation

• Items exposed must be contained

•Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)

Essential Questions

1. Why didn’t the U.S help South

Korea at first?

2. What caused the population in NM

to increase?

3. What is WIPP?