Chapter 6 – Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial DevelopmentEmotionsInitiative versus guilt

The selfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3H50llsHm3khttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kScfcXOjdIoGuilt versus shame

MotivationPlay

Play-Play is the most productive and enjoyable

activity that children undertakePlay is universalForm of play changes with age and culture

Peers and ParentsPeers:

People of about the same age and social statusProvide practice in emotional regulation,

empathy, and social understandingChildren usually prefer to play with each other

rather than with their parentsTypes of play

Changing Social CircumstancesTypes of Play (Midred Parten, 1932)- as social

awareness increases, so do types of play. 1.Solitary play:2.Onlooker play:3.Parallel play:4.Associative play:5.Cooperative play:

Active PlayRough-and-tumble play: Play that

mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm.

Sociodramatic play: Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create.

Sociodramatic Play

PlayBased on the work of

parent child interaction therapy

Quality play criteria:Parents make no

demandsNoNoNo

Follow lead of childrenEngage under the

direction of children

Take PRIDE in your play!!

P-R-I- D – E-

Parenting StylesDiana Baumrind (1967, 1971). Parents

differ on four important dimensions:1.Expressions of warmth2.Strategies for discipline3.Communication4.Expectations for maturity

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers

Figure 8.4 Control, Acceptance, Parenting Style

Baumrind’s Patterns of Parenting

Authoritarian parenting

Permissive parenting

Authoritative parenting

Neglectful/uninvolved parenting

Authoritarian

Permissive

Authoritative

Neglectful

Children, Parents, and the Media

The Significance of ContentViolence on TV is often depicted as morally

acceptable.Children who watch televised violence become

more violent themselves.Racial and gender stereotypes are still evident

in children’s programs.Educational television may have positive

effects.Experts recommend that parents limit their

young children’s television viewing and spend more time talking and playing with them.

Moral DevelopmentDecrease in egocentrism leads to the

development of:EmpathyAntipathyEmpathy ideally leads to prosocial behavior

Types of Aggression1. Instrumental aggression

2. Reactive aggression

3. Relational aggression

4. Bullying aggression

Discipline and Children’s Thinking

1. Remember theory of mind.2. Remember emerging self-concept3. Remember fast-mapping. 4. Remember that young children are not logical.

PunishmentPhysical

DefineWhy it is usedOutcomes

PsychologicalTime OutSensitive DisciplineIneffective discipline

Becoming Boys and Girls

Sex/Gender/Sexuality- define

Continuums Doing genderAge 2:Age 4:

Theories of Gender Development

Psychoanalytical TheoryPhallic stage

Oedipus complexSuperegoElectra complex

Identification: An attempt to defend one’s self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else.

BehaviorismGender differences are the product of

ongoing reinforcement and punishment

Social learning theory: Children notice the ways men and women behave

and internalize the standards they observeCognitive Theory

Gender schema: A child’s cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences.

Young children categorize themselves and everyone else as either male or female, and then they think and behave accordingly.

Systems theoryGenes and culture, parents and peers, ideas and

customs all interact, affecting each child.

Theories of Gender Development, cont.

AndrogynyAndrogyny: A balance within one person of

traditionally masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.