Chapter 6 DATA ANALYSIS AND...

263

Chapter 6

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

6.1. Introduction

In the present world powerful new technologies are used to advance

sustainable development for all the people. E-Governance is one of the most

plausible engines of development for people and societies across the world.

The development of new technologies contributed to improvement in

political activities. It encouraged individual participation in political

activities. It is also argued that technology shapes political structures by

promoting particular values. Political parties and politicians are now shifting

to an ICT enabled environment of politics.

In the case of local governance in Kerala state, the digital

transformation of governance process and procedures is imminent. However

this transformation will be possible only with the support of political leaders.

They are to motivate and gear up the public administration innovations in the

field of E-Governance. This is possible only if the leaders are well familiarised

with the operations and potentials of technology. Their perception and

acceptance of E-Governance are the foundations of overall transformation of

society. In this context the present chapter examines the Acceptance and

Perception of E-Governance among the elected representatives of local bodies

in Kannur district, Kerala.

The chapter is divided into five sections,

1. Sample Design

2. Socio-Economic Profile of Respondents

3. Acceptance of E-Governance

4. Perception of E-Governance

264

5. Barriers to the Acceptance of E-Governance

6. Conclusion

6.1.1 Sample Design

The study was conducted in Kannur District of Kerala state. The

respondents were the elected representatives of Gram Panchayats and

Municipalities in Kannur district. There are 81 Gram Panchayats and six

Municipalities in the district. In the case of municipalities samples were taken

from all the six municipalities. Gram Panchayats were divided on the basis of

geography and samples were taken from East, West, South, North and Central

parts of the district. In this effort 51% of the Gram Panchayats were covered.

For sampling purpose, a multistage sampling method was adopted.

Initially, quota was assigned to Municipalities and Panchayats. From each

category, further quota was designed on the basis of gender. This was done in

tune with the reservation of seats in the local bodies. The individual samples

were taken according to stratified random sampling technique.. Thus the sample

contains 159 elected representatives of Local Bodies in the district. The data

were collected from the respondents during July 2011 to November 2011.

The study made use of questionnaires, field observation and

interviews. The respondents were provided with a questionnaire to gauge

their perception and acceptance of E-Governance. Acceptance of

E-Governance is measured in terms of the possession of tools and usage

patterns. It indicates the individual usage level in personal and public life.

Perception is defined in terms of attitudes and orientations measured with

psychological scales.

Government officials and subject experts in the field of Information

Technology and local governance were consulted before finalizing the

questionnaire. The workings of certain government initiatives that make use

265

of E-Governance were also examined. The results were subjected to analysis

using statistical techniques and tools including averages, dispersion,

percentages, independent sample t-test, one way ANOVA and paired sample

t-test. For this purpose SPSS 16.0 version was used. While analyzing the

data the confidence level was maintained at 95% level.

The major objectives of the analysis are,

1. To examine the level of acceptance of E-Governance among the

elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District

2. To assess the perception of E-Governance among the elected

representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District.

3. To identify the socio-economic characteristics of respondents and to

assess their acceptance and perception of E-Governance with respect

to selected socio-economic factors.

4. To find out the barriers to the acceptance of E-Governance among

the elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District and to

give suggestions for improvement.

The general Hypothesis of the study are,

1. The acceptance of E-Governance (reflected in actual usage and

possession) among the elected representatives of Local Bodies in

Kannur District is low.

2. There is significant change in the acceptance of E-Governance

among elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District

after getting elected.

3. There is significant change in the acceptance of E-Governance

among elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District in

266

relation to selected socio-demographic factors- domicile status, sex,

religion, age, political affiliation, education and income.

4. There is significant change in the perception of E-Governance among

elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District in relation

to selected socio-demographic factors- age, sex, domicile status,

religion, political affiliation, education, official status, term in office,

income, profession and degree of political engagement.

5. The elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District

possess a high perception about the use of E-Governance.

6.2. Socio-Economic Profile of Respondents

The sample contained 78 males (49%) and 81 (51%) female

respondents. The selection was done according to the new Panchayat Raj Act

which provides for 50% reservation to women in local bodies in the state1.

Among the respondents 96.2% are married and remaining 3.8% are

unmarried. Majority of the respondents are from rural areas (84.9%). Only

15.1% belong to urban settings.

Figure 6.2.1. Bar Diagram Showing the Age wise Distribution of Respondents

(Source, Survey Data)

2

52

90

15

Below 25 25-40 40-60 Above 60

267

With respect to the age range of the respondents, it was found that

majority of the respondents belong to the age group 40-60 (56.6%). The age

group 25-40 comes second with 32.6 % and age group above 60 comes with

9.5% respondents. There are only 1.3% respondents in the age group below 25.

Table 6.2.1. Socio- Economic Profile of Respondents (n=159)

Profile Frequency Percentage

Sex Male 78 49

Female 81 51

Marital Status Married 153 96.2

Unmarried 6 3.8

Domicile Status Rural 135 84.9

Urban 24 15.1

Age Below 25 2 1.3

Between 25-40 52 32.6

Between 40-60 90 56.6

Above 60 15 9.5

Education- Primary 3 1.9

Secondary 25 15.7

Degree 114 71.7

PG and Professional 17 10.7

Religion-Hindu 111 69.8

Muslim 34 21.4

Christian 14 8.8

Monthly Income range 1000- 5000 75 47.2

5000-10000 37 23.3

Above 10000 47 29.5

Profession, Pensioner 24 15.1

Government Sector 26 16.4

Business 29 18.2

Private Sector 7 4.4

Kooli 8 5.1

House Wife 32 20.1

Farmer 21 13.2

Unemployed 12 7.5


The majority of the respondents (71.7%) are educated in the range

higher secondary to Degree.

SSLC. 10.7% of r

degrees. 1.9% of the respondents

From the data it is evident that the respondents possess high educational

qualifications and thu

positive indicator in the matter of E

government.

Figure 6.2.


It was found that majority (69.8%) of the respondents belong to

Hindu community. Muslim Community constituted 21.4% of respondents

and Christians 8.8%.

respondents belong to the 1000

respondents possess income above 10000.

representatives are in the 5000

financial status is not a major barrier in accessing technologies for the

respondents.

268

The majority of the respondents (71.7%) are educated in the range

higher secondary to Degree. 15.7% of the respondents are educated up

SSLC. 10.7% of respondents possess post graduation or professional

1.9% of the respondents were educated only up to primary level.


qualifications and thus are well tuned for innovations and changes. It is a

positive indicator in the matter of E-Governance initiatives in local

2.2. Religion wise Distribution of Respondents

(Source, Survey Data) *Percentages rounded to the near figure

It was found that majority (69.8%) of the respondents belong to


and Christians 8.8%. From the survey it was found that majority of the

respondents belong to the 1000-5000 income bracket (47.2%). 29.5% of the

respondents possess income above 10000. Among the samples

representatives are in the 5000-1000 income bracket. It is inferred that


70%

21%

9%

Hindu

Muslim

Christian

The majority of the respondents (71.7%) are educated in the range of

are educated up to

or professional

up to primary level.


s are well tuned for innovations and changes. It is a

Governance initiatives in local

espondents*

figure)

It was found that majority (69.8%) of the respondents belong to the


From the survey it was found that majority of the

bracket (47.2%). 29.5% of the

Among the samples 23.3% of the

1000 income bracket. It is inferred that


Figure 6.2.3 Income wise


Majority of the respondents

place goes to those engaged in

respondents belong to the government sector which includes aided

and co-operative sector. Pensioners constitute 15.2% of

13.2% of the respondents are farmers while 4.4 %

private sector. 5.1% respondents work as Kooli (

of the respondents are unemployed.

5000-10000

23%

Above10000

30%

269

Income wise Distribution of Respondents*

(Source, Survey Data) *Percentages rounded to the near figure

Majority of the respondents are house wives (20.1%). The second

those engaged in business, with 18.2% respondents.16.4%

respondents belong to the government sector which includes aided schools

operative sector. Pensioners constitute 15.2% of the respondents.

13.2% of the respondents are farmers while 4.4 % are employed in

5.1% respondents work as Kooli (manual labour) while 7.5%

of the respondents are unemployed.

1000-5000

47%

The second

with 18.2% respondents.16.4%

schools

respondents.

are employed in the

) while 7.5%

270

Table 6.2.2. Political Profile of Respondents (n=159)


Party- UDF 72 45.2

LDF 84 52.9

Others 3 1.9

Official Status- Ordinary Member 90 56.6

Official 69 43.4

Term- First term in Office 116 72.9

Second term 30 18.9

Third term 10 6.3

Above Three terms 3 1.9

Political Activity -Low 5 3.1

Medium 11 6.9

High 82 51.6

Very High 61 38.4


The majority of the respondents belong to LDF (52.9%). UDF

respondents constitute 45.2% of sample population. Others constitute 1.9% of

the sample. Others include respondents from BJP and independents. Among the

respondents majority were ordinary members (56.6%). 43.4% respondents were

officials in the local body. It included President/ Chairman/ Chairperson,

Vice President/Vice Chairman/Vice Chairperson and standing committee

President/Chairperson.

Figure 6.2.4

From the survey it was found that 72.9% of the respondents were

new comers to local body offices. 18.9% of respondents were

position for the second term.

of the respondents were occupying the seat for more than three times.

Another area of political profile was

purpose of this study the term

party politics and public activities.

political engagement level.

highly active in political life (51.6%).

highly active in public life. They occupy official party positions. 3.1% of the

respondents report low level of

medium level of political engagement

6.2.1. ICT Tools and Usage P

For the purpose of the present study, acceptance of E

measured in terms of possession of tools and

72

UDF

271

4. Political Affiliation of Respondents



new comers to local body offices. 18.9% of respondents were occupying the

position for the second term. 6.3% of the samples were third timers and 1.9%


Another area of political profile was degree of political engagement.

tudy the term political engagement was defined in terms of

party politics and public activities. The respondents were asked to rate their

level. It is found that majority of the respondents are

highly active in political life (51.6%). 38.4% of respondents were very

active in public life. They occupy official party positions. 3.1% of the

respondents report low level of political engagement and 6.9% reports

political engagement.

Tools and Usage Patterns

For the purpose of the present study, acceptance of E-Governance is

measured in terms of possession of tools and actual usage patterns. It was

84

3

LDF Others


occupying the

6.3% of the samples were third timers and 1.9%


For the

was defined in terms of

The respondents were asked to rate their

It is found that majority of the respondents are

38.4% of respondents were very

active in public life. They occupy official party positions. 3.1% of the

6.9% reports

Governance is

patterns. It was

272

found that the respondents were well equipped with ICT tools. However the

ICT usage pattern of respondents gives a less bright view of the scenario.

Table 6.2.3. ICT Profile of Respondents (n=159)


Possession of Equipments No Equipment

1 0.6

Mobile/ Land Phone 107 67.3

Computer/ Laptop. 29 18.2

Internet Connection. 16 10.1

3G Connection 6 3.8

Computer Usage-Don’t Know 54 34.0

Have Knowledge, but not Using 55 34.6

Using Computer 45 28.3

Regular User 5 3.1

Computer in Office Not using

144 90.6

Using Office Computer 10 6.3

Computer for Self in Office 5 3.1

Mobile Usage Pattern- Not Using mobile

1 0.6

Only for Call 73 45.9

For Call and Message 34 21.4

For Call+ Message+ Photo+etc. 48 30.2

For Accessing Internet 3 1.9 (Source, Survey Data)

The data shows that majority of the respondents (99.4%) are in

possession of either land phone or mobile phone. 18.2% respondents possess

either computer or laptop and phone connection. 10.1% samples were

internet connected with computer and phone connectivity. 3.8% of

respondents are in possession of all

table along with 3G connection.

support at personal level for the respondents.

Figure 6.2.5. Possession of ICT

The profile shows that the level of computer usage among the

respondents is low. 68.6% of the samples are not using computer and 34%

among them are yet to acquire e

computers and among them 3.1% are regular users.

No Mobile/ Lap

Top

1

107

273

respondents are in possession of all categories of equipment detailed in the

table along with 3G connection. It is evident that there is good infrastructural

personal level for the respondents.

Possession of ICT Tools by the Respondents


shows that the level of computer usage among the

68.6% of the samples are not using computer and 34%

to acquire e-literacy. 31.4% of the respondents are using

computers and among them 3.1% are regular users.

Mobile/ Lap

Top

Comp Internet

Connection

3G

107

2916 6

ICT Tools

categories of equipment detailed in the

It is evident that there is good infrastructural

shows that the level of computer usage among the

68.6% of the samples are not using computer and 34%

31.4% of the respondents are using

274

Figure 6.2.6. Computer Usage of Respondents*

(Source, Survey Data) *Percentages Rounded to the next figure

The ICT infrastructure support offered to the respondents at their

respective local body level is very low. 90.6% of the respondents reported

that there is no computer in their office. 6.3% of the respondents are making

use of office computers. Only 3.1% of the respondents were provided with

own computer for office purpose. There is no respondent with a personal

internet connected computer in the office.

34%

35%

28%

3%

Not Using Computer Some Using Regular Use

Figure 6.

It was found that the majority of respondents use mobile phone only

for the purpose of making phone calls (45.9%).

message facility in the phone. A considerable section of the samples (30.2%)

make use of mobile cameras and other utility services like calculator,

convertors etc. Only 1.9% of the respondents gain internet access through

mobile phones.

144

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Not Using Computer

in Office

275

Figure 6.2.7. Use of Computer in Office



for the purpose of making phone calls (45.9%). 21.4% people utilize the text



Only 1.9% of the respondents gain internet access through

10 5

Not Using Computer

in Office

Using Office

Computer

Computer for Self Use


21.4% people utilize the text



Only 1.9% of the respondents gain internet access through

Figure

Table 6.2

Usage

Not Used

Used by S

Used by S

Widely Used

Total

The researcher attempted to measure the use of ICT by the

respondents in their

based text message

is found that majority of the respondents

election campaign (86.2%). In the case of 8.8% respondents, their supporters

276

Figure 6.2.8. Mobile Phone Usage Pattern of Respondents


2.4. Usage of ICT in Election Campaign (n=159)

Usage Frequency Percentage

Not Used 137 86.2

Used by Supporters 14 8.8

Used by Self 6 3.8

Widely Used 2 1.2

Total 159 100



their election campaign. For this purpose the usage of mobile

based text messages, e-mails, blogs and websites were taken into account. It

is found that majority of the respondents had not resorted to ICT tools in


1

73

3448

espondents

(n=159)


For this purpose the usage of mobile

were taken into account. It

not resorted to ICT tools in


3

used ICT in election campaign.

and among them 1.2% of respondents u

includes the use of text messages, e

Figure 6.2.9

Not Used in

Election

Canpaign

Workers used

137

277

used ICT in election campaign. Only five percent used ICT tools in person

d among them 1.2% of respondents used ICT tools on a wider scale that

includes the use of text messages, e-mails and blogs.

9. Usage of ICT in Election Campaign


Workers used Self Use Wide Use

14 6 2

used ICT tools in person

n a wider scale that

278

Table 6:2.5. Profile of Online Activity (n=159)


Internet Usage- Not Using 128 80.5

Through Internet Cafe/ Dial-up Connection

7 4.4

Mobile 3 1.9

Broad Band 21 13.2

Mode of Internet Learning- Don’t Know

129 81.1

By Self 13 8.2

Training Course 11 6.9

Help of Friends 6 3.8

Usage of Online Services-Don’t Know 26 16.4

Know, but not Used 57 35.8

Used 73 45.9

Regular User 3 1.9

Online Money Transaction-Not used 153 96.2

Rail/Bus Ticket Online Booking 3 1.9

Online Phone Recharging 2 1.3

Internet Banking 1 0.6

Online interactions- No Interaction 145 91.2

Messaging 8 5.0

Campaign Page Visiting 4 2.5

Internet Discussion Forums 2 1.3

Observation on Internet Connectivity in the Constituency Don’t Know

81 50.9

Bad 42 26.4

Satisfactory 21 13.2

Very Good 15 9.5 (Source, Survey Data)

With respect to internet usage, majority of the respondents admitted

that they are not using internet (80.5%).

samples access internet through Broad Band connection. Mobile devices are

used by 1.9% respondents for internet access and 4.4% people depend

dial-up connection or internet cafe for connectivity.

8.2% of the respondents learned internet by self study whereas 6.9%

attended training courses and 3.8% sought the help of friends to acquire

internet skills. 81.1% of the respondents never acquired internet skills.

Figure 6.2.10.

The table shows that 16.4% of the respondents are not aware of

online services. 35.8% of respondents are aware of online services but never

used it. 47.8% of the respondents used online services and among them 1.9%

are regular users. The user level of online services is not linked with internet

skills as many respondents accessed online services with the help of others or

through Akshaya kiosks.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

No Activity

145

279

to internet usage, majority of the respondents admitted

that they are not using internet (80.5%). It is observed that 13.2% of the


used by 1.9% respondents for internet access and 4.4% people depend

up connection or internet cafe for connectivity. The table shows that

2% of the respondents learned internet by self study whereas 6.9%



Online Activity Profile of Respondents





The user level of online services is not linked with internet


No ActivityMessaging

Campaign

Page VisitInternet

Discussions

145

84

2

to internet usage, majority of the respondents admitted

It is observed that 13.2% of the


used by 1.9% respondents for internet access and 4.4% people depend on

The table shows that

2% of the respondents learned internet by self study whereas 6.9%






The user level of online services is not linked with internet


280

An attempt was made to assess the online transaction level of the

respondents. It was found that 96.2% of the respondents never made a money

transaction via internet. 1.9% used internet services to purchase Rail/Bus

Ticket and 1.3% made use of internet for phone recharge purpose. Only

0.6% of the respondents operates an internet linked bank account

It was found that majority of the respondents are having no online

activity (91.2%). Among the 8.8% online activists 5% use only e-mail

messages. They use internet to receive and forward e-mail messages. 2.5%

respondents are visitors to campaign pages and 1.3% people involve in

internet discussion groups.

The online activity profile shows that the majority of the respondents

(50.9%) are not sure about the connectivity status in their constituency. To

26.4%, the connectivity status is bad and 13.2% of respondents observed that

the present level of connectivity is satisfactory. In the observation of 9.5%

respondents, the connectivity in their constituency is very good.

6.3. Acceptance of E-Governance

The introduction of E-Governance in local governance is facing

many challenges. There are issues of digital divide, social taboos,

infrastructure and the like. However these issues can be well addressed if the

political leadership in the local community is well aware of the potentials of

E-Governance. For this, they have to internalise the digital transformation in

their public life. With this objective, the present research examines the level

of acceptance of E-Governance among elected representatives of local bodies

in Kannur district. Analysis is done by taking into account the pre-election

and post-election scenarios.

281

6.3.1. Scoring Key for Acceptance of E-Governance

For measuring acceptance of E-Governance 19 questions were used.

The maximum score for each question is set as four. From these questions,

the maximum possible score was fixed at 76. The score range 1 to 19 is set

as Very low (25%). Those who scored between 19-38 is adjudged as low

acceptance category. The score 38-57 is fixed as high acceptance and 57-76

is set as very high acceptance.

Table 6.3.1. Scoring Key for Acceptance of E-Governance

Score range Level of Acceptance

1 to19 Very low

19 to 38 Low

38 to 57 High

57 to 76 Very High

282

6.3.2. Acceptance of E-Governance Before Elected

Hypothesis H1. Acceptance of E-Governance among the elected

representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District before being elected is

low.

Table 6.3.2. Acceptance of E-Governance Before Elected (n=159)

Mean 30.77

Median 29.01

Mode 27.00

Std. Deviation 7.907

Skewness 1.15

Kurtosis 1.07

Minimum 19.00

Maximum 56.00


The mean score of the table is 30.77.The maximum point scored by

the respondents was 56 and minimum score was 19. The median score is

29.01 and mode was 27.00. The skewness of the data was found to be

positive (1.5) and Kurtosis is 1.07. The mean score of the table falls between

the category 19-38, which indicates low acceptance. Thus it is found that

acceptance of E-Governance among the elected representatives of Local

Bodies in Kannur District before the election was low.

283

6.3.3. Acceptance of E-Governance after Elected

Hypothesis H1. Acceptance of E-Governance among the elected

representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District after being elected is low.

Table 6.3.3. Acceptance of E-Governance after Elected (n=159)

Mean 31.58

Median 30.00

Mode 28.00

Std. Deviation 7.858

Skewness 1.01

Kurtosis 0.77

Minimum 19.00

Maximum 56.00 (Source, Survey Data)

The mean score of the table is 31.58. The maximum possible score of

the table is 76. The maximum point scored by the respondents was 56 and

minimum score was 19.The median score is 30.00 and mode was 28.00. The

skewness of the data was found to be positive (1.01) and Kurtosis is 0.77.

The mean score of the table falls between the category 19-38 which indicates

low acceptance. Thus it is found that Acceptance of E-Governance among

the elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District after the

election is low.

From table 6.4.2 and tables 6.4.3, it is found that acceptance of E-

Governance among the elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur

District is low both in the before elected and after elected scenarios and the

general hypothesis that acceptance of E-Governance among the elected

representatives of local bodies in Kannur District is low, can be accepted.

284

6.3.4. Comparison of Acceptance of E-Governance Before Elected and After Elected

Hypothesis H1. There is significant change in the acceptance of

E-Governance among the elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur

District after elected.

Null Hypothesis H0. There is no significant change in the acceptance of

E-Governance among the elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur

District after elected.

Table 6.3.4. Acceptance of E-Governance Before and After Elected (n=159)

Group Mean N Std.

Deviation t Value Sign

Acceptance before elected

30.77 159 7.90 8.70 0.000**

Acceptance after elected 31.58 159 7.86

(Source, Survey Data) * *Significant at 0.001 level

Table 6.4.4 shows the mean value, standard deviation, t Value and

significance between the acceptance of E-Governance among elected

representatives of local bodies before elected and after elected. The mean value of

acceptance of E-Governance before elected is found to be 30.77 at a standard

deviation of 7.9 and mean score of acceptance of E-Governance after elected is

found to be 31.58 with a standard deviation of 7.86. The result reveals that there is

significant difference between the two scenarios in the acceptance of E-Governance

(p<0.001). Consequently the null hypothesis is rejected. Thus it can be stated that

there is significant change in the level of acceptance of E-Governance among

elected representatives of local bodies before elected and after elected. After

285

elected, the elected representatives of local bodies in Kannur district acquired a

better acceptance of E-Governance.

6.3.5. Acceptance of E-Governance (After Elected)

In this section the change in acceptance of E-Governance with

respect to selected socio-demographic factors - domicile status, sex, religion.

age, political affiliation, education and income are examined. For this study

the scenario considered is the position after being elected.

6.3.6. Acceptance of E-Governance on the Basis of Domicile Status

Hypothesis H1: There is significant change in the acceptance of

E-Governance among elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur

District in relation to their domicile status.

Null Hypothesis H0: There is no significant change in the acceptance of E-

Governance among elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur

District in relation to their domicile status.

Table 6.3.5. Acceptance of E-Governance on the Basis of Domicile Status

Domicile Status N Mean Std. Deviation t value Sig.

Rural 136 31.20 7.59

Urban 23 33.83 9.16 1.485 .140*

(Source, Survey Data) *Not Significant at 0.05 level.

The mean value of the table is 31.20 for rural group and 33.83 for

urban group. The standard deviation of rural group is 7.59 and for urban

group it is 9.16. The t value is found to be 1.485. From the table it is found

that there is no significant relation (p>0.05) between acceptance of E-

Governance among elected representative of local bodies in rural areas of

286

Kannur district and acceptance of E-Governance among elected

representative of local bodies in urban areas of Kannur district. Thus the null

hypothesis is accepted.

6.3.7 Acceptance of E-Governance on the Basis of Sex



District in relation to their sex.

Null Hypothesis H0: There is no significant change in the acceptance of


District in relation to their sex.

Table 6.3.6. Acceptance of E-Governance on the Basis of Sex

Sex N Mean Std. Deviation t value Sig.

Male 79 33.29 8.40 2.778 .006**

Female 80 29.90 6.94

(Source, Survey Data) **Significant at 0.01 level

From the analysis it was found that the mean score for male group is

33.29 and standard deviation is 8.40. For the female group the figures are

29.9 and 6.94. t value of the table is 2.778. The male respondents are in a

higher level of acceptance of E-Governance and the change between the

groups is significant (p<0.01). Thus the null hypothesis is rejected.

6.3.8. Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Religion



District in relation to their religion.

287



District in relation to their religion

Table. 6.3.7. Mean Score and Standard Deviation of Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Religion

Religion N Mean Std. Deviation

Hindu 111 30.89 6.94

Muslim 34 33.82 9.24

Christian 14 31.64 10.42

Total 159 31.58 7.86


The mean score of acceptance of E-Governance among the

respondents belonging to the Hindu community is 30.89 and standard

deviation is 6.94. For Muslim respondents the figures stand at 33.82 and 9.24

and for Christians it is 31.64and 10.42.

Table 6.3.8. Summary of ANOVA -Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Religion

Group Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 223.75 2 111.87

1.831 .164* Within Groups 9530.86 156 61.09

Total 9754.60 158

(Source, Survey Data) *Not Significant at 0.05 level

From the table it is found that the sum of squares between groups is

223.75 and within groups is 9530.86.The mean square between groups is

111.87and within groups is 61.09. F Value is 1.831. As p>0.05 there is no

significant change in the level of acceptance of E- Governance among

288

elected representative of local bodies in Kannur on the basis of their religion.

On the basis of the finding the null hypothesis is accepted.

6.3.9. Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Age



District in relation to their age.




Table 6.3.9. Mean Score and Standard Deviation – Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Age

Age Group N Mean Std. Deviation

Below 25 2 45.50 4.95

25-40 52 32.96 8.77

40-60 90 31.04 7.34

Above 60 15 28.20 4.77

Total 159 31.58 7.86


The Mean score of acceptance of the age group below 25 is 45.50 and

standard deviation is 4.95. The estimated mean score for the age group 25-40

is 32.96 and standard deviation is 8.77. For the age group 40-60 the scores

are 31.04 and 7.34 respectively. In the age group above 60 the mean score is

28.20and standard deviation is 4.77.

289

Table 6.3.10. Summary of ANOVA - Acceptance of E-Governance With Respect to Age



3.896 .01** Within Groups 9070.64 155 58.52

Total 9754.60 158 (Source, Survey Data) **Significant at 0.01 level


683.96 and within groups is 9070.64. The mean square between groups is

227.99 and within groups is 58.52. F Value is 3.896. As per the analysis

there is significant (p<0.01) change in the level of acceptance of

E- Governance among elected representative of local bodies in Kannur on

the basis of their age. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected. From the table

6:5.5, it is also evident that respondents at the age group below 25 have high

acceptance of E-Governance (mean score 45.50). The age group above 60

shows lowest level of acceptance (mean score 28.20).

6.3.10. Acceptance of E-Governance with respect to Political Affiliation

Hypothesis H1: There is significant change in the acceptance of E-Governance

among elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District in relation to

their political affiliation.


E-Governance among elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District

in relation to their political affiliation.

290

Table 6.3.11. Mean Score and Standard Deviation - Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Political Affiliation

Party N Mean Std. Deviation

UDF 72 30.87 7.78

LDF 84 31.89 7.55

Others 3 40.00 15.13

Total 159 31.58 7.86


The table shows that the Mean score of acceptance of respondents

belonging to UDF is 30.87 with standard deviation 7.78. The estimated mean

score for LDF Respondents is 31.89 and standard deviation is 7.55. For the

group others, the scores are 40.00 and 15.13 respectively.

Table 6.3.12. Summary of ANOVA - Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Political Affiliation



2.108 .125* Within Groups 9497.91 156 60.88

Total 9754.60 158

(Source, Survey Data) *Not Significant at 0.05 level


256.69 and within groups is 9497.91. The mean square between groups is


there is no significant (p>0.05) change in the level of acceptance of

291


the basis of their party. Thus the null hypothesis is accepted.

6.3.11 Acceptance of E-Governance with respect to Education



District in relation to their education.




Table 6.3.13. Mean Score and Standard Deviation – Acceptance of E-Governance with respect to Educational Status

Educational Status N Mean Std. Deviation

Primary 3 28.00 4.36

Secondary 25 28.16 6.32

Up to Graduation 113 31.51 7.41

PG and above 18 37.39 9.91

Total 159 31.58 7.86 (Source, Survey Data)

The analysis shows that the Mean score of acceptance of respondents

with primary education is 28.00 and standard deviation is 4.36. In the case

respondents educated between primary and 10th standard, estimated mean

score is 28.16 with standard deviation of 6.32. The mean score for

respondents with secondary and graduate level education, the scores are

31.51 and 7.41 respectively. The respondents with education PG and above

group scored mean value of 37.39 with a standard deviation of 9.91.

292

Table 6.3.14. Summary of ANOVA - Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Educational Status

Education Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.


5.502 .001** Within Groups 8815.87 155 56.88

Total 9754.607 158 (Source, Survey Data) **Significant at 0.001 level

The analysis shows that the sum of squares between groups is



there is significant (p<0.001) change in the level of acceptance of E-

Governance among elected representative of local bodies in Kannur on the

basis of their educational status. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected. From

Table, 6:5.10 it is found that the highly educated group, PG and above shows

high acceptance of E-Governance (Mean 37.39).

6.3.12. Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Income



District in relation to their Income.



District in relation to their income.

293

Table 6.3.15. Mean Score and Standard Deviation of Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Level of Income

Income Range N Mean Std. Deviation

1000-5000 75 29.19 5.66

5000-10000 47 33.43 8.67

Above 10000 37 34.11 9.28


The table shows that the mean score of acceptance of respondents in

the income bracket 1000-5000 is 29.19 with a standard deviation of 5.66.

The mean score for Respondents in 5000-10000 income bracket is 33.43 and

corresponding standard deviation is 8.67. For respondents in the higher

income range above 10000, the scores are 34.11 and 9.28.

Table 6.3.16. Summary of ANOVA - Acceptance of E-Governance with Respect to Level of Income



7.217 .001** Within Groups 8928.44 156 57.23

Total 9754.60 158 (Source, Survey Data) **Significant .001 level




there is significant (p<0.001) change in the level of acceptance of


the basis of their term of income. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected. It is

294

found that the high income group possessed high acceptance of

E-Governance.

6.4 Perception of E-Governance

The study aims to measure the perception of E-Governance among

elected representatives of local bodies in Kannur district. For this purpose

perception is defined in terms of orientation and attitudes towards

E-Governance. For measuring perception psychological scales were also

used. A five point Likert scale is used for analysing the responses. Positive

questions were used to measure perception.

Table 6.4.1. Scoring Key for Measuring Perception

Sl. No. Observation Score

1 Strongly Disagree 0

2 Disagree 1

3 Neither Agree nor Disagree 2

4. Agree 3

5 Strongly Agree 4 (Source, Survey Data)

For measuring perception of E-Governance 14 questions were used.

The maximum score for each question is set as four. The total possible score

in this section is 56. The scoring pattern is given in table 6.6.2.

Table 6.4.2. Scoring Pattern for Perception of E-Governance

Score range Level of Perception

1 to14 Very low

14 to 28 Low

28 to 42 High

42 to 56 Very High

295

For measuring perception of E-Governance four ranges of scores is

taken. The first range 1 to 14 is rated as very low. Respondents scoring

between 14-28 is supposed to have low perception. The score between 28-42

is considered as high and the range 42 to 56 is considered as very high

perception

6.4.1. Perception of E-Governance Among Elected Representatives

Hypothesis H1. The elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur

District possess high perception about the use of E-Governance.

Table 6:4.3. Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation of Perception of E-Governance

Mean 37.80

Median 38.00

Mode 38.00

Std. Deviation 3.37

Skewness .63

Kurtosis 1.34

Minimum 28.00

Maximum 50.00 (Source, Survey Data)

The mean score of the table is 37.80.The maximum point scored by

the respondents was 50.00 and minimum score was 28.00. The median score

is 38.00 and mode was 38.00. The skewness of the data was found to be

positive (.63) and Kurtosis was 1.34. The mean score of the table falls in

the category 28-42. It shows that the perception score is high. Thus it is

found that Perception of E-Governance among the elected representatives of

Local Bodies in Kannur District is high.

296

6.4.2. Perception of E-Governance in Relation to Selected Socio-Demographic Factors

The change in perception of E-Governance with respect to selected

socio-demographic factors- age, sex, domicile status, religion, political

affiliation, education, official status, income, profession and the degree of

political engagement are analysed in this section.

6.4.3. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Age

Hypothesis H1: There is significant change in the perception of E-Governance


their age.

Null Hypothesis H0: There is no significant change in the perception of



Table 6.4.4. Mean Score and Standard Deviation of Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Age

Age Group N Mean Std. Deviation

Below 25 2 39.00 4.24

25-40 53 38.30 4.16

40-60 90 37.54 2.87

Above 60 14 37.36 3.00


The Mean score of acceptance of the age group below 25 is 39.00 and

standard deviation is 4.24. The estimated mean score for the age group 25-40

is 38.30 and standard deviation is 4.16. For the age group 40-60 the scores

297

are 37.54 and 2.87 respectively. In the age group above 60 the mean score is

37.36 and standard deviation is 3.00.

Table 6.4.5. Summary of ANOVA - Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Age

Age Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.


.726 .538* Within Groups 1768.71 155 11.41

Total 1793.56 158 (Source, Survey Data) *Not significant at 0.05 level


24.85and within groups is 1768.71.The mean square between groups is 8.28

and within groups is 11.41. F Value is .726. As per the analysis there is no

significant (p>0.05) change in the level of perception of E- Governance

among elected representative of local bodies in Kannur on the basis of their

age. Thus the null hypothesis is accepted.

6.4.4 Perception of E-Governance on the Basis of Sex



their sex.



District in relation to their sex

298

Table 6.4.6. Perception of E-Governance-with Respect to Sex

Sex N Mean Std. Deviation t value Sig.

Male 80 38.21 3.66 1.17 0.119*

Female 79 37.38 3.01

(Source, Survey Data) *Not significant at 0.05 level

From the analysis it was found that the mean score for male group is

38.21and standard deviation is 3.66. For the female group the figures are

37.38 and 3.01. t value of the table is 1.17. It is found that there is no

significant change in the level of perception of E-Governance between the

groups (p>0.05). Thus the null hypothesis is accepted.

6.4.5. Perception of E-Governance on the Basis of Domicile Status



their Domicile Status.



District in relation to their Domicile Status.

Table 6.4.7. Perception of E-Governance-with Respect to Domicile Status

Domicile Status N Mean Std. Deviation T value Sig.

Rural 136 37.79 3.44 .11 0.914*

Urban 23 37.87 2.94 (Source, Survey Data) *Not significant at 0.05 level

The mean value of the table is 37.79 for rural group and 37.87 for

urban group. The standard deviation of rural group is 3.44 and for urban

group it is 2.94. The t value is found to be .11. From the table it is found that

299

there is no significant relation (p>0.05) between perception of E-Governance

among elected representative of local bodies in rural areas of Kannur district

and perception of E-Governance among elected representative of local

bodies in urban areas of Kannur district. Thus the null hypothesis is

accepted.

6.4.6. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Religion



their religion.



District in relation to their religion

Table 6.4.8. Perception of E-Governance- Mean Score and Standard Deviation with Respect to Religion

Religion N Mean Std. Deviation

Hindu 111 37.67 3.31

Muslim 34 37.76 2.72

Christian 14 38.93 5.01


The mean score of perception of E-Governance among the

respondents belonging to the Hindu community is 37.67 and standard

deviation is 3.31 .For Muslim respondents the figures stand at 37.76 and 2.72

and for Christians, it is 38.93 and 5.01.

300

Table 6.4.9. Summary of ANOVA - Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Religion

Religion Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.


.873 .420* Within Groups 1773.71 156 11.37

Total 1793.56 158 (Source, Survey Data) *Not Significant at 0.05 level


19.85 and within groups is 1773.71. The mean square between groups is 9.92

and within groups is 11.37. F Value is .873. As (p>0.05) there is no

significant change in the level of perception of E- Governance among elected

representative of local bodies in Kannur on the basis of their religion. The

null hypothesis is accepted.

6.4.7. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Political Affiliation


among elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District in relation

to their political affiliation.



District in relation to their political affiliation.

Table 6.4.10. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Political Affiliation- Mean Score and Standard Deviation

Party N Mean Std. Deviation

UDF 72 37.05 3.04

LDF 84 38.44 3.56

Others 3 37.67 2.08


301

The table shows that the Mean score of perception of respondents

belonging to UDF is 37.05. Standard deviation is 3.04. The estimated mean

score for LDF respondents is 38.44 and standard deviation is 3.56. For the

group others, the scores are 37.67 and 2.08 respectively.

Table 6.4.11. Summary of ANOVA - Perception of E-Governance with respect to Political Affiliation

Party Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.


3.376 .037** Within Groups 1719.14 156 11.02

Total 1793.56 158




37.21 and within groups is 11.02. F Value is 3.376. As per the analysis there

is significant (p<0.05) change in the level of perception of E- Governance

among elected representative of local bodies in Kannur on the basis of their

political affiliation. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected.

6.4.8. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Education



their education.




302

Table 6.4.12. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Education - Mean Score and Standard Deviation

Education Level N Mean Std. Deviation

Primary 3 36.67 2.52

Secondary 25 36.84 2.60

Graduation 113 37.59 3.26

PG and Above 18 40.61 3.97

Total 159 37.80 3.37


The analysis shows that the Mean score of perception of respondents

with primary education is 36.67and standard deviation is 2.52. In the case

respondents educated between primary and 10th standard, estimated mean

score is 36.84 and standard deviation is 2.60. The mean score for

respondents with secondary and graduate level education, the scores are

37.59 and 3.26 respectively. The respondents with education PG and above

group scored mean value of 40.61 with a standard deviation of 3.97.

Table 6.4.13. Summary of ANOVA - Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Education

Education Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.


5.550 .001** Within Groups 1619.58 155 10.45

Total 1793.56 158


303



58.00 and within groups is 10.45. F Value is 5.55. As per the analysis there is

significant (p<0.001) change in the level of perception of E- Governance

among elected representative of local bodies in Kannur District on the basis

of their education. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected. The respondents with

higher education shows higher perception of E-Governance (PG and above

group -mean score 40.61).

6.4.9. Perception of of E-Governance with respect to Official Status



their Official status.



District in relation to their Official status.

Table 6.4.14. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Official Status Official Status N Mean Std. Deviation t-value Sig.

Ordinary 90 37.51 3.37

1.23 0.220*

Official 69 38.17 3.36 (Source, Survey Data) *Not Significant at 0.05 level

The data analysis shows that the Mean score of perception of

ordinary members is 37.51 and standard deviation is 3.37. The estimated

mean score for office holders is 38.17 and standard deviation is 3.36. The t

value is 1.23. As per the analysis there is no significant (p>0.05) change in

the level of perception of E- Governance among elected representative of

304

local bodies in Kannur District on the basis of their official status. Thus the

null hypothesis is accepted.

6.4.10. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Term in Office


among elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur District in relation

to their term in office.

Null Hypothesis H0: There is no significant change in the perception of E-

Governance among elected representatives of Local Bodies in Kannur

District in relation to their term in office.

Table 6.4.15. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Term in Office - Mean Score and Standard Deviation


According to the analysis the Mean score of perception of

respondents with a single term in office is 37.98 with a standard deviation of

3.52. The mean score for Respondents with two terms is 38.03 and

respective standard deviation is 2.20. For the group with three terms in

office, the scores are 35.30 and 3.92 respectively. In the case of respondents

with more than three terms Mean score of perception is 36.67 with standard

deviation of 3.21.

Term in Office N Mean Std. Deviation

First Time 116 37.98 3.52

Two Terms 30 38.03 2.20

Three Terms 10 35.30 3.92

More than Three Terms 3 36.67 3.21

Total 159 37.80 3.37

305

Table 6.4.16. Summary of ANOVA - Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Term in Office

Term in Office Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.


2.156 .095* Within Groups 1721.70 155 11.11

Total 1793.56 158

(Source, Survey Data) *Not significant at 0.05 level

The analysis shows that the sum of squares between groups is 71.86

and within groups is 1721.70 .The mean square between groups is 23.95 and

within groups is 11.11. F Value is. 2.156. As per the analysis there is no

significant (p>0.05) change in the level of perception of E- Governance


of their term in office. Thus the null hypothesis is accepted.

6.4.11. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Income



their Income.



District in relation to their income.

306

Table 6.4.17. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Income - Mean Score and Standard Deviation

Income N Mean Std. Deviation

1000-5000 75 37.40 3.06

5000-10000 47 37.70 3.00

Above 10000 37 38.73 4.23


The table shows that the mean score of perception of respondents in

the income bracket 1000-5000 is 37.40 with a standard deviation of 3.06.

The mean score for Respondents in 5000-10000 income bracket is 37.70 and

corresponding standard deviation is 3.00. For respondents in the higher

income range above 10000, the scores are 38.73 and 4.23.

Table 6.4.18. Summary of ANOVA of Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Income

Income Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.


1.981 .141* Within Groups 1749.12 156 11.21

Total 1793.56 158 (Source, Survey Data) *Not significant at 0.05 level.


44.43and within groups is 1749.12.The mean square between groups is

22.22and within groups is 11.21. F Value is 1.981. As per the analysis there

is no significant (p>0.05) change in the level of perception of E- Governance


of their income. Thus the null hypothesis is accepted.

307

6.4.12. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Profession



their Profession.



District in relation to their Profession

Table 6.4.19. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Profession - Mean Score and Standard Deviation

Profession N Mean Std. Deviation

Pensioner 24 38.42 3.23

Government/Aided/Co-operative 26 38.42 4.28

Business 29 37.07 3.11

Private Sector 7 39.71 3.86

Kooli 8 38.87 2.75

House Wife 31 37.35 2.87

Farmer 22 37.00 3.38

Un-Employed 12 37.75 3.08

Total 159 37.78 3.37


From the above analysis it is seen that the mean score for perception

of respondents who are pensioners is 38.42 with a standard deviation of 3.23.

For the respondents employed in Government/Aided/Co-operative sector, the

figure is 38.42 and 4.28. For business sector the mean value is 37.07 with

standard deviation of 3.11. The mean score for private sector is 39.71 with

corresponding standard deviation of 3.86. For respondents in Kooli category

the scores are 38.87 and 2.75 and for House Wife category it is 37.35 and

308

2.87. For farmers the mean score is 37.00 with standard deviation of 3.38. In

the last category of unemployed respondents, the score is 37.75 and 3.37.

Table 6.4.20. Summary of ANOVA - Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Profession

Profession Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.


1.138 .342* Within Groups 1703.697 151 11.28

Total 1793.567 158 (Source, Survey Data) *Not significant at 0.05 level

From the analysis, it is evident that that the sum of squares between

groups is 89.87 and within groups is 1703.697.The mean square between

groups is 12.84 and within groups is 11.28. F Value is 1.138. As per the

analysis there is no significant (p>0.05) change in the level of perception of

E- Governance among elected representative of local bodies in Kannur

District on the basis of their of profession. Thus the null hypothesis is

accepted.

6.4.13. Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Degree of Political Engagement



their degree of political engagement.



District in relation to their degree of political engagement.

309

Table 6.4.21 Perception of E-Governance with Respect to Degree of Political Engagement - Mean Score and Standard Deviation

Political Engagement N Mean Std. Deviation

Low 5 35.60 1.95

Medium 11 39.27 3.58

High 82 37.79 3.63

Very High 61 37.72 2.99


The table shows that the mean score of perception of respondents

with low degree of political engagement is 35.60 with a standard deviation

of 1.95. The mean score for Respondents with medium degree of political

engagement is 39.27 and corresponding standard deviation is 3.58. For

respondents in the higher activity range, the scores are 37.79 and 3.63. For

the very high activity group the figures are 37.72 and 2.99.

Table 6.4.22. Summary of ANOVA - Perception of E-Governance with Respect to with Respect to Degree of Political Engagement

(Source, Survey Data) **Not significant at 0.05 level

The analysis shows that the sum of squares between groups is 48.44

and within groups is 1745.12.The mean square between groups is 16.15 and

within groups is 11.23. F Value is 1.434. As per the analysis there is no

Political Engagement Sum of Squares df

Mean Square F Sig.


1.434 .235** Within Groups 1745.12 155 11.23

Total 1793.56 158

310

significant (p>0.05) change in the perception of E- Governance among

elected representative of local bodies in Kannur District on the basis of their

with respect to degree of political engagement. Thus the null hypothesis is

accepted.

6.5 Barriers in the Acceptance of E-Governance

The acceptance of E-Governance among the elected representatives is

a major factor contributing to the diffusion and employment of ICT in local

governance. From the study it was found that the acceptance level of

E-Governance among the representatives is low. In this context the study

proceeds to identify the major barriers in the acceptance of E-Governance

among the elected representatives of local bodies in Kannur district.

<

Table 6.5.1. Availability of Training

Sl. No. Availability of Training Frequency Percentage

1 No Training 154 96.9

2 Some Training 1 0.6

3 Good Training 4 2.5

4 Very Good Training 0 0

Total 159 100


From the table it is evident that majority of the respondents (96.9%)

were not given any ICT related training by any public agency. Only 2.5%

respondents reported good training and 2.5 % gained some training. It is

identified that the training needs of the representatives are yet to be met by

the public agencies and absence of adequate training remains a stumbling

block in the acceptance of E-Governance.

Figure 6.

Table 6.5.2. Official

Sl. No. Official Help for E

1 No Help

2 Some Help

3 Good Help

4 Very Good Help

Total

The respondents were asked to comment about the overall support

provided by the government to enhance their ICT capacity. This include

support in terms of training, financial assistance, infrastructure and

regulatory environment. A majority of the respondents (96.9%) admitted that

official support was nil.

No Training

311

Figure 6.5.1. Training Availability

Source, Survey Data

Official Help for Enhancing ICT capacity

Help for Enhancing ICT Capacity Frequency Percentage

154 96.

0

4 2.5

1 0.6

159 100





A majority of the respondents (96.9%) admitted that

2.5% reported good support and 0.6% respondents

No Training Some Training Good Training

Percentage

96.9

0

2.5

0.6

100




A majority of the respondents (96.9%) admitted that

.6% respondents

312

reported very good official support. It shows that shortage/absence of

government initiatives and motivation is also affecting ICT development in

local government.

Table 6:5.3, Problems in E-Governance

Sl. No. Problems in E-Governance Frequency Percentage

1 Don’t know 88 55.4

2 No Problem 21 13.2

3 Complicated Technology 22 13.8

4 Security 28 17.6

Total 159 100


The respondents identified security as a great concern in E-Governance

(17.6%). Complicated technology was the second concern with 13.6%

respondents commenting on it. Many felt that data in the computer and cyber

world is not secure. To others technology is complex by nature and

technology mediated governance is too complex for the ordinary. 55.4%

respondents were not aware of any issues in E-Governance while 13.3% felt

that there are no serious issues in the implementation of E-Governance. It is

found that the lack of proper awareness is a major concern in the acceptance

of E-Governance.

313

Table 6.5.4. Factors Limiting the Use of Computers

Limitation Factor Frequency Rank

Not needed 23 3

Luxury 0 0

No Time 61 1

No Training 54 2

No Income 12 4

Language 4 5

Fear of Computer 0 0 (Source, Survey Data)

During the study it was found that majority of the respondents were

not using computer. Attempt is made to identify the factors limiting the

computer usage of respondents. The table shows that time constraint is a

major problem in the use of computers. The representatives are heavily

loaded with their constituency work and find no spare time to get themselves

trained in ICT skills. The second major limiting factor is the absence of

adequate training. The respondents observe that without proper training they

cannot acquire effectively use ICT tools. Some of the respondents believe

that they are not in need of computer or technology. They were either moved

by the belief that it is too late for them to learn new technologies or that

technology will not contribute to their work. Another limiting factor in the

usage of computer is the issue of affordability. A section of the respondents

identify that they are economically not in a position to afford computer and

new technologies. The last limiting factor in this regard is the issue of

language. Even though local language based computer applications are

available, English still remains the language of computer and the respondents

face it as a problem in using computer. The data also reveal that computer is

314

no more seen as a luxury by the respondents and the fear of computer and

technology no longer exist among the respondents.

Table 6.5.5. Suggestions for the Improvement of E-Governance

Suggestions Frequency Rank

No suggestion 5 4

Computer literacy 78 1

More Awareness Campaign 53 2

More Internet Connection 1 6

Reducing Costs 3 5

More Touch Screens 3 5

Village Computer Centres 16 3 (Source, Survey Data)

Computer literacy is identified as the major step for the improvement

of E-Governance. The respondents are of the opinion the E-Literacy

campaign by Akshaya needs be launched with more commitment and vigor.

The second need is more awareness on technology mediated governance and

its role in social life. As a positive step the respondents also suggested the

establishment of more village computer centres to deliver ICT services and

training. Installation of people friendly ICT interfaces like touch screens and

reduction of costs secured fifth priority of the respondents. There was

demand for more internet connections also.

315

Table 6.5.6. Suggestions for Improving ICT Acceptance Among Elected Representatives

Suggestions Frequency Rank

No suggestion 2 6

Computer Training 126 1

Special Allowance 4 4

Free Computer/Subsidy 15 2

Free Internet Connection 4 4

Help of Employees 11 3

Strict Rules 3 5 (Source, Survey Data)

The respondents suggested training as the most important concern for

improving ICT acceptance among the respondents. Free computer/ subsidy

for purchasing computer was another suggestion. Third priority was given

to the support of office staff in the local bodies. Free internet connection and

provision of special allowance gained equal weight as the next most

important suggestion. Some respondents also suggested a better regulatory

environment for internalising ICT tools.

Table 6.5.7. Advantages of E-Governance- Observation of Respondents

Advantages Frequency Rank

No Advantage 3 5

Speed 83 1

Efficiency 24 3

Transparency 41 2

Less Costly 0 0

Simplicity 5 4 (Source, Survey Data)

316

Majority of the respondents identified speed as the most important

advantage of E-Governance. The second important advantage of E-

Governance was identified as transparency. Efficiency was identified as the

third important advantage. Simplicity of procedures was adjudged as another

advantage of E-Governance.

6.6. Conclusion

The data pertaining to Acceptance and perception of E-Governance

among elected representatives of local bodies in Kannur district shows low

acceptance of E-Governance among the respondents. But the respondents

possess high perception of E-Governance. There is also significant variation

of their acceptance of E-Governance after elected. It is also found that the e-

readiness of respondents reflected in level of education, possession of tools,

general ICT environment and regulatory environment is high. The major

problem in the acceptance of E-Governance is the constituency work load of

representatives and absence of training. Local bodies also show

unsatisfactory progress in providing connectivity and ICT infrastructure to

the elected representatives.

Note

1 Even though there is only 50% reservation in the local bodies, samples were taken beyond the quota because some women respondents held general quota seats.

Chapter 6 DATA ANALYSIS AND...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 6 DATA ANALYSIS AND...