Chapter 6 - ConsciousnessChapter 6 - Consciousness"Dreaming permits each and every one of us to be quietly and safely insane every night of our lives"

-William Dement

Defining Consciousness:

The organism’s awareness of, or possibility of knowing, what is happening inside and outside itself.

Fill in the following blanks as they pertain to the last few hours:

I tasted ______. I smelled ______. I saw ______. I touched ________.I heard _______. I remembered _____.I felt ________. I thought _______.

These sensations, feelings, and perceptions are processed and sometimes stored and accumulated to form our consciousness.

Our consciousness is different at each moment of our lives!

Consciousness is a construct – a concept requiring a belief in something that cannot be seen or touched but that seems to

exist.

Levels of Consciousness

Are we conscious of everything we do?

NO.

Three Levels:1. Conscious mind2. Subconscious mind3. Unconscious mind

Subconscious – consciousness just below our present awareness.• example: “Zoning out” while driving

• serves as a filter for the stimuli we are constantly assaulted with.

Unconscious

Unconscious – thoughts or desires about which we have no direct knowledge.

• Includes intuitive feelings – those not necessarily influenced by logic or reason.

Unseen Forces

• All creatures are controlled by bodily rhythms and cycles.

Types:1. Day/night – animals/insects2. Monthly (infradian rhythms)– females and males 3. Annual – humans (weight, energy, and chemical levels) and birds.

* Birds respond to light/dark cycle of the earth as winter approaches as their cue to migrate. They use the stars to guide their flight as well as built in magnetic particles that orient them to the earth’s magnetic field so they can stay on course.

Biological Clocks

• Internal chemical units that control regular cycles in parts of the body.

o Our body temperature is regulated by one of these clocks.

Free-running cycles – cycles set up by biological clocks that are under their control, ignoring the environment.

example: The kidneys

Entrainment – The process of altering the free-running cycle to fit a different rhythm.

• The human sleep-wake cycle (ultradian rhythms) can be modified using this method.

Example: The human body goes through a natural 25-hour sleep-wake cycle, but the earth moves on a natural 24-hour light-dark cycle. Through the process of

entrainment, the human body adapts to this 24-hour cycle.

Circadian Rhythms

Sequences of behavioral changed that occur every 24 hours.

• Human circadian rhythm is based on a 24-hour cycle that contains within it a high point and a low point.

• For most people, the lowest point (low temperature, low blood pressure, and weakness) occurs between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m.

http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/interactive/circadian

Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Sleep control center in the brainSleep control center in the brain Monitors changes in light or dark in the Monitors changes in light or dark in the

environmentenvironment Changes levels of hormones in the bodyChanges levels of hormones in the body

http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/interactive/circadian

MelatoninMelatonin

Hormone that helps regulate daily Hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms-controlled by the biological rhythms-controlled by the pineal gland which is regulated by the pineal gland which is regulated by the hypothalamushypothalamus

Linked to the sleep-wake cycleLinked to the sleep-wake cycle Melatonin level increases during the day Melatonin level increases during the day

and evening to make us sleepy at nightand evening to make us sleepy at night

The Sleep CycleThe Sleep Cycle

Beta Waves

BADBADBeta-awake/alertBeta-awake/alert

Alpha-awake/relaxedAlpha-awake/relaxedDelta-deep sleepDelta-deep sleep

Stage 1-NREMStage 1-NREM

                 Cats nap on and off throughout the day and night. Healthy humans typically have consolidated periods of wakefulness and sleep.

Stage 1-NREMStage 1-NREM Alpha waves presentAlpha waves present Time distortion-approx. 5 min in lengthTime distortion-approx. 5 min in length Hypnic MyocloniaHypnic Myoclonia Hypnogogic/hypnapompic Hypnogogic/hypnapompic

hallucinationshallucinations REM replaces stage 1 in all but the REM replaces stage 1 in all but the

first and last sleep cyclesfirst and last sleep cycles

Stage 2-NREMStage 2-NREM

Sleep spindlesSleep spindles K-complexesK-complexes First time through stage 2 lasts First time through stage 2 lasts

about 20 minutes about 20 minutes Approximately 50% of total sleep Approximately 50% of total sleep

timetime

Stage 3-NREMStage 3-NREM

Beginning delta wavesBeginning delta waves

Stage 4-NREMStage 4-NREM

Delta waves-slow wave sleepDelta waves-slow wave sleep First time through about 30 minutesFirst time through about 30 minutes Hardest time to wake the sleeperHardest time to wake the sleeper BedwettingBedwetting Sleepwalking (somnambulism)Sleepwalking (somnambulism) Sleep talkingSleep talking Night terrorsNight terrors

REM-Rapid Eye MovementREM-Rapid Eye Movement

Approximately 20% of sleep timeApproximately 20% of sleep time Paradoxical sleep-brain active, but body Paradoxical sleep-brain active, but body

essentially paralyzed (brainstem blocks essentially paralyzed (brainstem blocks muscle movement)muscle movement)

NightmaresNightmares Necessary part of sleepNecessary part of sleep REM periods increase as night progressesREM periods increase as night progresses

"Dreaming permits each and every one of us to be quietly and safely insane every night of our lives"

-William Dement

REM SleepREM Sleep

Sleep Changes Across the Life SpanSleep Changes Across the Life Span

Sleep Deprivation EffectsSleep Deprivation Effects

Decreases efficiency of immune system Decreases efficiency of immune system functioningfunctioning

Safety and accident issuesSafety and accident issues Contributes to hypertension, impaired Contributes to hypertension, impaired

concentration, irritability, etc.concentration, irritability, etc. Peter Tripp              

Winston Churchill napped for at least an hour every afternoon during World War II.

Sleep Deprivation DisastersSleep Deprivation Disasters

– Sleep deprivation is the culprit for some of the Sleep deprivation is the culprit for some of the worst human-caused disasters in history.worst human-caused disasters in history.

– On top of that, approx 100,000 car crashes are On top of that, approx 100,000 car crashes are caused due to sleep fatigue which results in caused due to sleep fatigue which results in 1,550 deaths per year. 1,550 deaths per year.

ChernobylChernobyl When the nuclear power plant in Ukraine exploded, creating what some have described as the 

world's worst nuclear disaster, the engineers involved had beenworking for 13 hours or more, MSN reported. Two plant workers died that night. Nearly 240 people were originally diagnosed with radiation poisoning, and 134 cases were later confirmed. Of those confirmed cases, 28 people died during the following few weeks. The number of deaths attributed to the explosion over the next 15 years proved difficult to quantify. "In reality, the actual number of deaths caused by this accident is unlikely ever to be precisely known," the World Health Organization wrote in a 2006 report.

Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island Considered to be the most serious nuclear incident on U.S. soil, the accident at Three Mild Island in

Pennsylvania was attributed to human error due to sleep deprivation. Between 4 and 6 a.m. on March 28, 1979, shiftworkers didn't notice as the plant lost coolant, eventually resulting in the overheating of the reactor's core, according to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Officials discovered later than about half of the core had melted, yet there were minimal effects outside of the plant.

The Space Shuttle ChallengerThe Space Shuttle Challenger The space shuttle exploded just seconds after its January 1986 launch, killing all seven crew

members. According to a 1988 report, certain managers involved in the launch had only slept two hours before arriving to work at 1 a.m. that morning. The Presidential Commission on the accident admitted the danger of this deprivation in its June 1986 report, writing, "The willingness of NASA employees in general to work excessive hours, while admirable, raises serious questions when it jeopardizes job performance, particularly when critical management decisions are at stake."

Exxon Valdez Oil SpillExxon Valdez Oil Spill When the supertanker ran aground in Alaska in 1989, destroying wildlife and spilling 258,000 barrels

of crude oil in the process, third mate Gregory Cousins was allegedly sleeping at the helm, leaving him unable to turn the boat back into the shipping lanes in time to avoid disaster. The crew had just put in a 22-hour shift loading the oil onto the ship, the Anchorage Daily News reported, and Cousins had reportedly only had a "catnap" in the last 16 hours leading up to the crash.

American Airlines Crash 1420American Airlines Crash 1420 On June 1, 1999, American Airlines Flight 1420 overshot the runway at Little Rock National Airport,

killing 11, including the captain, and injuring the first officer, the flight attendants and 105 passengers. Only 24 passengers were not injured. Severe thunderstorms played a role, but the National Transportation Safety Board also determined that "impaired performance resulting from fatigue" was involved.

Sleep DeprivationSleep Deprivation

Theories on why we DreamTheories on why we Dream1. Information-Processing Theory1. Information-Processing Theory

Dreams serve an important memory- Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiencesthrough the day’s experiences

Research suggests REM sleep helps Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.memory storage.

Theories on why we DreamTheories on why we Dream 2. Physiological Function Theory 2. Physiological Function Theory

Neural activity during REM sleep Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.provides periodic stimulation of the brain.

Theories on why we DreamTheories on why we Dream 3. Activation-Synthesis Theory 3. Activation-Synthesis Theory

Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.as one sleeps.

Theories on why we Dream Theories on why we Dream 4. Cognitive Development Theory4. Cognitive Development Theory

Dreams part of the maturation processDreams part of the maturation process Dreams reflect our knowledgeDreams reflect our knowledge Reflection of normal cognitive Reflection of normal cognitive

developmentdevelopment

Questions about DreamsQuestions about Dreams

q. Are there people who never dream?q. Are there people who never dream?

a.a. Only in special, rare cases. Only in special, rare cases. Dreams are most likely during a phase of sleep Dreams are most likely during a phase of sleep

called REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Even called REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Even people who say they never remember dreams, people who say they never remember dreams, usually do remember dreams when lab usually do remember dreams when lab technicians wake them up during REM sleep. The technicians wake them up during REM sleep. The main exception seems to be people with rare kinds main exception seems to be people with rare kinds of brain damage.of brain damage.

q. How many minutes does it take for the q. How many minutes does it take for the average, normal person to fall asleep?average, normal person to fall asleep?

a.a. 15 - 20 15 - 20 Of course, this varies from person to person and Of course, this varies from person to person and

from time to time. If you consistently fall asleep from time to time. If you consistently fall asleep much faster (say, within 5 minutes, every single much faster (say, within 5 minutes, every single night), this could be a sign that you are overly night), this could be a sign that you are overly sleepy. If you consistently take more than 30 sleepy. If you consistently take more than 30 minutes to fall asleep, you may have insomnia. minutes to fall asleep, you may have insomnia.

q. How many hours of sleep should young q. How many hours of sleep should young people (ages 11 – 17) get each night?people (ages 11 – 17) get each night?a.a. 9 - 10 9 - 10

Research shows that young people your age Research shows that young people your age don’t perform their best, and don’t awaken easily don’t perform their best, and don’t awaken easily without an alarm clock, unless they get close to without an alarm clock, unless they get close to ten hours of sleep! ten hours of sleep!

q. How many nightmares does the average young adult have in one year?a. 12•Some people have many nightmares. Others have none. (Psychological tests show nightmare sufferers may be more open, sensitive, and trusting than other people). The frequency of nightmares changes with age. Children aged 3-8 are particularly susceptible to nightmares. The once-a-month figure (above) comes from research on college students. Most nightmares are due to stress, illness, trauma, or physical discomfort.

q. How many dreams does the average person have in one night?a. 3 - 5This is really a guess. But each night, we typically have 3 – 5 periods of REM sleep. And when scientists wake people up from REM sleep in sleep labs, most of them (80%) report that they were dreaming.

q. Do blind people dream?a. Yes.The dreams of people blind from birth feature sounds, touches, emotions, etc.-just like their waking experience. People who went blind after age 7 usually see some visual images in their dreams.

q.q. Which animals dream?Which animals dream?

a. All mammals (except the spiny anteater)a. All mammals (except the spiny anteater) If you have a pet, you have probably seen the If you have a pet, you have probably seen the

animal twitch in its sleep. All mammals animal twitch in its sleep. All mammals experience REM sleep, and research suggests experience REM sleep, and research suggests that during REM, they experience the same that during REM, they experience the same hallucinations that we humans call dreams. But hallucinations that we humans call dreams. But different species go through the cycles of sleep different species go through the cycles of sleep at different rates. For instance, cats’ REM at different rates. For instance, cats’ REM periods are only 24 minutes apart. Opossums’ periods are only 24 minutes apart. Opossums’ REM periods are about 90 minutes apart, the REM periods are about 90 minutes apart, the same as ours.same as ours.

q. Sleepwalking occurs during which type of sleep?

a. “Slow Wave” sleep / Delta sleep• Most sleepwalking happens during the deepest

kind of sleep, Slow Wave Sleep (SWS). Contrary to popular opinion, it is not harmful to wake up a sleepwalker. However, it may be hard to do. People are usually very hard to wake up from SWS.) Kids often outgrow sleepwalking, although the problem can linger into adulthood.

q. Do people dream in color?a. Yes.•People who pay more attention to color in waking life (artists, etc.) are more likely to notice the colors in their dreams. But even people who don’t normally notice color in their dreams are often able to recall specific dream colors under certain circumstances (awakened during REM in a sleep lab, and asked specific color questions by the technician).

q. Is it true that if you die in your dream, you’ll die in real life?a. NO!•It is a common superstition, but a false one. Many people do wake up from dreams or nightmares just before the unavoidable death of their dream-self. Even in our dreams, we have a strong survival instinct; many peoples’ dreaming minds simply will not allow the dream to continue if death seems certain. But some people do dream of their own death and live to tell about it.

q. What percentage of American adults say that they have had a psychic dream?

a. 66%•Reports of psychic dreams are amazingly common. Scientists often attribute the reports to chance or coincidence. But those who have experienced these dreams staunchly believe in psychic phenomenon. What do you think?

q.q. How many major religions have How many major religions have teachings that include Divine/spiritual teachings that include Divine/spiritual dreams?dreams?

a. All.a. All. The Bible mentions quite a few important The Bible mentions quite a few important

dreams, as do the sacred texts of all major dreams, as do the sacred texts of all major world religions. Most religions teach that:world religions. Most religions teach that:

1. Dreams can be a way of communicating 1. Dreams can be a way of communicating with a Higher Power.with a Higher Power.

2. Not all dreams should be regarded as 2. Not all dreams should be regarded as messages from God.messages from God.

q. What do the following have in common? q. What do the following have in common? Pregnancy, psychological trauma, natural Pregnancy, psychological trauma, natural awakening (without an alarm clock).awakening (without an alarm clock).

a. Increase dream recall.a. Increase dream recall. People who have been through traumatic People who have been through traumatic

experiences such as rape, wartime combat, or experiences such as rape, wartime combat, or natural disasters, usually notice that their dream natural disasters, usually notice that their dream recall increases sharply. The hormonal changes recall increases sharply. The hormonal changes (and/or lighter sleep) of pregnancy also seem to (and/or lighter sleep) of pregnancy also seem to boost dream recall. Some medications can boost dream recall. Some medications can cause a sudden surge of dreams. You are much cause a sudden surge of dreams. You are much more likely to remember dreams if you wake up more likely to remember dreams if you wake up naturally and have an unhurried morning.naturally and have an unhurried morning.

q. What do the following have in common? Bright light, warm temperature, cold feet, caffeine, stress.a. Worsen sleep•Even with your eyes closed, some light gets through your eyelids and sends a subtle “wake-up” signal to your brain. When the room is hot, it may cause nightmares. Studies show it takes longer to fall asleep when your feet are cold. Some people feel that caffeine does not affect them much, since they can still fall asleep. But research shows that the quality of caffeinated sleep probably isn’t as good; there are more arousals and restless movements. Caffeine can stay in your system and affect your sleep for 6 hours.

q. q. What do the following have in common? What do the following have in common? Waking up at the same time every day, milk & Waking up at the same time every day, milk & turkey near bedtime, regular “white” noise?turkey near bedtime, regular “white” noise?

a. Improve sleep.a. Improve sleep. People who maintain very regular sleep People who maintain very regular sleep

schedules of bedtime and awakening times schedules of bedtime and awakening times tend to sleep better. Milk and turkey contain an tend to sleep better. Milk and turkey contain an amino acid called amino acid called tryptophantryptophan, which may , which may improve sleep. Some light sleepers benefit by improve sleep. Some light sleepers benefit by listening to a very consistent noise (such as an listening to a very consistent noise (such as an electric fan), which may help cover up irregular electric fan), which may help cover up irregular background noises that might otherwise wake background noises that might otherwise wake them up.them up.

q. What do the following have in common? Alcohol, marijuana, depressiona. Decrease dream frequency•All of these affect REM sleep, and suppress dreams. Oddly enough, some people may actually feel they dream more after having alcohol, for example. Why? Because when our bodies are deprived of REM sleep, they eventually go into “REM rebound,” an intense REM state that tries to “make up for lost time” in that sleep stage. The resulting dream may be more memorable (and/or more disturbing!), but in reality, the body is still not getting enough REM sleep.

q.q. What do the following have in What do the following have in common? Loss of creative thinking, common? Loss of creative thinking, irritability, slower reaction times, irritability, slower reaction times, difficulty learning new skills?difficulty learning new skills?

a. Effects of sleep deprivationa. Effects of sleep deprivation It really is a bad practice to pull “all nighters” It really is a bad practice to pull “all nighters”

before important exams. It affects the way your before important exams. It affects the way your brain works, and also may affect its ability to brain works, and also may affect its ability to store knowledge in an orderly way for long-term store knowledge in an orderly way for long-term retrieval. Your creative thinking and your good retrieval. Your creative thinking and your good mood are usually the first things to suffer!mood are usually the first things to suffer!

q. What do the following have in common? Feel awake but unable to move, may sense an “evil presence” in the room, may struggle to breathe.a. Symptoms of sleep paralysis (also called “Old Hag” experience)•People have been describing this phenomenon since ancient times. Scientists have a theory about why it may happen. Ordinarily, during dreaming sleep, our brain sends a chemical message that paralyzes our body (which protects us from acting out our dreams and getting into a lot of trouble!) But sometimes, for unknown reasons, something goes wrong and this protective paralysis doesn’t go away when we first wake up. It’s as if it takes our brain a minute to realize that dreaming sleep has ended. The hallucinations of dreams may continue, too, resulting in visions of evil creatures. Why are visions almost always scary? Because it is very scary to feel helpless and paralyzed, which may trigger us to imagine scenes of malevolent spirits.

q. What do the following have in common? Asleep, dreaming, aware that the dream images are dreams, may include ability to control the dream.a. Characteristics of lucid dreams•During ordinary dreams, we are no aware that the experience is actually a dream. No matter how strange or bizarre the dream becomes, we usually believe it to be real and act accordingly – that is, until we wake up and realize our error! In lucid dreams, the dreamer suddenly thinks, “Hey – right now I am dreaming all this!” Sometimes, this awareness dawns during a nightmare. We try to make ourselves wake up to end it. Some people (including sects of Tibetan monks) try to cultivate this mental state.

q. What do the following have in common? q. What do the following have in common? Loud and irregular snoring, daytime Loud and irregular snoring, daytime drowsiness, intermittent pauses in breathing drowsiness, intermittent pauses in breathing during sleep.during sleep.

a. Symptoms of sleep apneaa. Symptoms of sleep apnea Sleep apnea is a potentially life-threatening Sleep apnea is a potentially life-threatening

breathing disorder that occurs during sleep. It is breathing disorder that occurs during sleep. It is about as common as adult asthma. It is usually about as common as adult asthma. It is usually treated with a special breathing mask that is treated with a special breathing mask that is worn during sleep.worn during sleep.

q.q. What do the following have in common? What do the following have in common? Jerking in sleep, discomfort in limbs at sleep Jerking in sleep, discomfort in limbs at sleep onset, daytime drowsiness, difficulty falling onset, daytime drowsiness, difficulty falling asleep.asleep.

aa. Symptoms of movement-related sleep disorders. Symptoms of movement-related sleep disorders Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic

Limb Movement in Sleep (PLMS) are Limb Movement in Sleep (PLMS) are movement-related sleep disorders. Sufferers movement-related sleep disorders. Sufferers kick and jerk a lot at night, often kick and jerk a lot at night, often rhythmically, rhythmically, and may experience great discomfort or and may experience great discomfort or “restlessness” of the limbs (especially legs) at “restlessness” of the limbs (especially legs) at night.night.

q.What do the following have in common? Muscle weakness (especially with emotion), severe daytime drowsiness, hallucinations on the borders of sleep, sleep paralysis.

a. Symptoms of narcolepsyNarcolepsy is a relatively rare sleep disorder, but it often has a profound effect. People with severe narcolepsy may fall asleep in the middle of a sentence, or may drop to the ground during laughter or tears. The onset of symptoms usually occurs during adolescence or early adulthood.

q. What do the following have in common? Acting out violent dreams, thrashing or moving about in the bed primarily toward the early morning hours.a. Symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder (RSBD)•Although it may be mistaken for sleepwalking, RSBD is actually very different. It is a disorder of REM sleep in which the normal muscle paralysis of REM does not function properly. Unfortunately, aggressive or violent dreams seem to be a part of this syndrome, so it may lead to serious injury for the sleeper or his/her bed partner. It occurs more often (although not exclusively) in elderly men who have other neurological problems.

InsomniaInsomniaLack of sleep caused by the inability Lack of sleep caused by the inability

to fall asleep or stay asleep.to fall asleep or stay asleep.

Symptoms: Symptoms: Delayed sleep, waking up Delayed sleep, waking up in thein the

middle of the night, and/or waking up middle of the night, and/or waking up tootoo

early.early.Causes: Causes: Social entrainment, poor Social entrainment, poor

sleepsleep

hygiene, caffeine, and/or stress.hygiene, caffeine, and/or stress.

SomnambulismSomnambulism Formal name for sleepwalkingFormal name for sleepwalking Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep

(stage 4)(stage 4) Person can walk or talk and is able to seePerson can walk or talk and is able to see Rarely person has any memory of the eventRarely person has any memory of the event

Night TerrorsNight Terrors

Sleep disorder characterized by high Sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrifiedarousal and appearance of being terrified

Unlike nightmaresUnlike nightmares Happens during stage 4 sleep; mostly Happens during stage 4 sleep; mostly

childrenchildren Children seldom remember the eventChildren seldom remember the event

NarcolepsyNarcolepsyChronic sleep disorder involving Chronic sleep disorder involving

overwhelming daytime drowsiness and overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep.sudden attacks of sleep.

Symptoms: Symptoms: Falling asleep (REM) without warning, Falling asleep (REM) without warning, sudden sudden

loss of muscle tone (cataplexy)usually triggered by loss of muscle tone (cataplexy)usually triggered by strongstrong

emotion, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic (as one emotion, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic (as one fallsfalls

asleep) halluncinations.asleep) halluncinations.Causes: Causes: Low levels of an important brain Low levels of an important brain

chemical chemical

called hypocretin, possibly due to genetics.called hypocretin, possibly due to genetics.http://med.stanford.edu/school/Psychiatry/narcolepsy/moviedog.htmlhttp://med.stanford.edu/school/Psychiatry/narcolepsy/moviedog.html

http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/narcoleptic-dog/04253f2ccbeacf05177c04253f2ccbeacf05177c-415349604694?http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/narcoleptic-dog/04253f2ccbeacf05177c04253f2ccbeacf05177c-415349604694?q=narcoleptic+dogs&FORM=VIRE1q=narcoleptic+dogs&FORM=VIRE1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2x14qETS7E&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2x14qETS7E&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=we9_CdNPuJg&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=we9_CdNPuJg&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Sleep ApneaSleep ApneaChronic sleep disorder involving multiple Chronic sleep disorder involving multiple

periods of not breathing during the course periods of not breathing during the course of a night’s sleep.of a night’s sleep.

Symptoms: Symptoms: Overwhelming daytimeOverwhelming daytime

tiredness and/or snoring.tiredness and/or snoring.

Causes: Causes: Being overweight and/or blockage Being overweight and/or blockage of theof the

airway as the throat relaxes for sleep.airway as the throat relaxes for sleep.

Delayed Sleep-Phase Delayed Sleep-Phase SyndromeSyndrome

Feeling wide awake in the late-evening Feeling wide awake in the late-evening hours with sleep onset delayed until 3 or 4 hours with sleep onset delayed until 3 or 4 am-impacts 7% of teens.am-impacts 7% of teens.

Symptoms: Symptoms: Poor performance in Poor performance in school, andschool, and

chronic truancy and/or tardiness.chronic truancy and/or tardiness.

Causes: Causes: Social entrainment that Social entrainment that disrupts thedisrupts the

natural circadian clock.natural circadian clock.

Idiopathic HypersomnolenceIdiopathic HypersomnolenceNeeding 12 or more hours per night Needing 12 or more hours per night

to function properly.to function properly.

Symptoms: Symptoms: Excessive daytime Excessive daytime sleepiness,sleepiness,

long naps (1-2 hours per day), long long naps (1-2 hours per day), long nightlynightly

sleep periods (12 hrs. +).sleep periods (12 hrs. +).Causes: Causes: UnknownUnknown

Other Sleep DisordersOther Sleep Disorders

Bruxism – teeth grindingBruxism – teeth grinding Enuresis – bed wettingEnuresis – bed wetting Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part

occurring during stage 1 sleepoccurring during stage 1 sleep

– Everyone has occasional episodes of Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus myoclonus

States of ConsciousnessStates of ConsciousnessNot all states of consciousness occur Not all states of consciousness occur

naturally-some require special effort or naturally-some require special effort or training. training.

1. Hypnosis: 1. Hypnosis: Comes from the name of the Greek Comes from the name of the Greek

god of sleep-Hypnos.god of sleep-Hypnos. Involves being in a relaxed state Involves being in a relaxed state

with a heightened ability to focus with a heightened ability to focus on specific things while ignoring on specific things while ignoring distractions. distractions.

HypnosisHypnosis Also classified as a social interaction in Also classified as a social interaction in

which a hypnotist makes suggestions which a hypnotist makes suggestions about perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or about perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors, and the subject follows those behaviors, and the subject follows those

suggestions.suggestions.

HypnotizabilityHypnotizability

Hypnosis HistoryHypnosis HistoryMesmerize-which means to put someone Mesmerize-which means to put someone

under your own power-makes people under your own power-makes people think that hypnosis is a “magical” state.think that hypnosis is a “magical” state.

This term comes from Anton Mesmer who This term comes from Anton Mesmer who worked in the late 1700’s “curing” people by worked in the late 1700’s “curing” people by bringing their bodies’ magnetism back into bringing their bodies’ magnetism back into alignment. alignment.

Anton Mesmer was a colorful “quack” whose Anton Mesmer was a colorful “quack” whose methods were discredited as they were not methods were discredited as they were not scientific.scientific.

Many of Mesmer’s patients were cured by the Many of Mesmer’s patients were cured by the power of the power of the placebo effectplacebo effect..

Theories Regarding Hypnosis: Social Theories Regarding Hypnosis: Social Influence TheoryInfluence Theory

Theory that powerful social influences Theory that powerful social influences produce a state of hypnosis.produce a state of hypnosis.

This theory notes that a person’s This theory notes that a person’s physiological (physical) state does not physiological (physical) state does not change under hypnosis.change under hypnosis.

Social factors influence people to believe Social factors influence people to believe hypnosis will work.hypnosis will work.

Theories Regarding Hypnosis: Divided Theories Regarding Hypnosis: Divided Consciousness TheoryConsciousness Theory

Theory that during Theory that during hypnosis our hypnosis our consciousness splits so consciousness splits so that one aspect of that one aspect of consciousness is not consciousness is not aware of the role that aware of the role that other parts are playing.other parts are playing.

Promoted by Ernest Promoted by Ernest Hilgard (1904-2001)Hilgard (1904-2001)

Hypnotic InductionHypnotic Induction The process by which a hypnotist creates a The process by which a hypnotist creates a

state of hypnosis in a subjectstate of hypnosis in a subject Usually done by voicing a series of Usually done by voicing a series of

suggestionssuggestions Voice is usually calm and of a rhythmic toneVoice is usually calm and of a rhythmic tone

Posthypnotic SuggestionsPosthypnotic Suggestions

Hypnotic suggestion that the Hypnotic suggestion that the subject will carry out after the subject will carry out after the hypnosis session has ended.hypnosis session has ended.

Won’t cause you to do Won’t cause you to do something that you can’t something that you can’t control, but the suggestion control, but the suggestion may impact the behavior of the may impact the behavior of the individual. individual.

Technique can be used to Technique can be used to encourage helpful behavior encourage helpful behavior changes.changes.

HypnosisHypnosis6 Possible Uses of Hypnosis:6 Possible Uses of Hypnosis:

1.1. Weight reductionWeight reduction2.2. Smoking cessationSmoking cessation3.3. Minor pain reliefMinor pain relief4.4. Help a woman through Help a woman through normal childbirthnormal childbirth5.5. Headache reductionHeadache reduction6.6. Help a person to focus more on Help a person to focus more on

schoolworkschoolwork

HypnosisHypnosisHypnotists use the power of suggestion to aid in Hypnotists use the power of suggestion to aid in

focusing or blocking stimuli. Thus a person can focusing or blocking stimuli. Thus a person can be aided in forgetting or remembering be aided in forgetting or remembering something, or in reducing pain, etc.something, or in reducing pain, etc.

Trance-the state of deep relaxation that can occur during hypnosis.

Hypnotic Amnesia-Inability to remember what happened during hypnosis because the hypnotist suggests that the subject will have no memory of that period of time.

HypnosisHypnosis

Hypnosis Hypnosis does notdoes not provide us with provide us with special powers!special powers!

Hypnosis is Hypnosis is notnot a sleep state. It is an a sleep state. It is an intense form of relaxation in which intense form of relaxation in which the person is fully conscious. the person is fully conscious.

Hypnosis makes a person more Hypnosis makes a person more suggestible to a request, but it will suggestible to a request, but it will not make them do immoral acts. not make them do immoral acts.

HypnosisHypnosisOther issues surrounding hypnosis:Other issues surrounding hypnosis: Hypnosis Hypnosis can be dangerouscan be dangerous! A person lets down ! A person lets down

his/her guard when relaxed and they may do his/her guard when relaxed and they may do something that will embarrass them later on. They something that will embarrass them later on. They also might be susceptible to “suggested” memories. also might be susceptible to “suggested” memories.

Some people believe that hypnosis can Some people believe that hypnosis can take us back in time through the power take us back in time through the power of of age regression-age regression-reliving periods as far reliving periods as far back as infancy. back as infancy.

This is not scientifically proven!This is not scientifically proven! Our Our brains are not even capable of forming brains are not even capable of forming memories until about age 3!memories until about age 3!

States of ConsciousnessStates of Consciousness2. Meditation: 2. Meditation: Form of self-control in which the Form of self-control in which the

outside world is cut off from outside world is cut off from consciousness. Brain goes into consciousness. Brain goes into “neutral” and the person feels “neutral” and the person feels more relaxed.more relaxed.

Meditation and hypnosis are alike Meditation and hypnosis are alike in that they are both relaxed states in that they are both relaxed states in which the person is fully in which the person is fully conscious. conscious.

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