Computer Animation Algorithms and Techniques Chapter 4 Interpolation-based animation.
Chapter 6_ Computer Animation Types and Techniques
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MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER ANIMATION
Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti
BSIT-III
Chapter 6
BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 1
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Animation is about bringing things to life
Moving something which can't move itself
a sequence of images that, when played one
after the other, make things move
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Lets start.
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Luxo Jr. (1986) is the first three-dimensional computer animated filmto be nominated for an Academy Award
examples
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Which one do you prefer?
If a picture is worth a thousand words, thenanimation has got to be worth ten thousandwords or more
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Animation Issues
When evaluating an animation technique, thenmostly the following things are considered:
How fast can the images be generated?
How easy is it to control the appearance of the animation?How much human expertise is required to generate the animation?
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Note:
Different applications havedifferent requirements:Feature film animation is different frominteractive gaming animation
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History of Animation
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Earlier 19th century
Phenakistiscope was invented by Joseph Plateau.
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Earlier 19th centurycont
Zeotrope was invented by William George Homer.The drawings were placed inside the spinning drum.
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Earlier 19th centurycont
Eadweard Muybridge captured the sequences ofhuman and animal movement by setting up a bankof cameras.
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Earlier 19th centurycont
Bullet time scene in The Matrix used 120 still cameras.
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Earlier 19th centurycont
Flip book was first patented by John Barnes Linnet. A set ofsequential pictures flipped at a high speed creates the motion effect.
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Earlier 19th centurycont
Emile Reynaud was created a technology Praxinoscopeto project animated film that last for 15 minutes.
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Types of nimation
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Controlling characters humans / cartoon characters / animals
Using real human movements
Manually creating the movements
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Motion Capture Manual Key-Frame
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Animating the face by Motion capture data
Using musculoskeletal models
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Most of what sells the intended emotion in
the face is the eyes. Youre probably familiarwith the expression, the eyes are the windowsto the soul. In animation, this is true, as well.A poorly animated set of eyes can kill the
illusion of life in a character.
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Simulating the pedestrians in the streets How does one's movement affect those of the
others
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Simulating the movements of clotheswhen the body moves
i.e How the wind affects the shape of
cloth
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How the hair moves when the wind blows
Need to take into account the physical properties of the hair,
Collisions between the hair The lighting effects
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Simulating liquid, mud, fire, bubbles How to efficiently simulate the motion of the
fluids
How to control the fluids so that the
animator can get what s/he wants
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Animation Techniques
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Basic Animation TechniquesAnimation techniques are processes orprocedures which are used to bringing things tolife
There are different techniques used by theanimator
Cell Animation
Keyframe animation
Motion capture animation
Procedural animation
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Traditional animation
Cel Animation
Keyframe animation McCay (1914) created Gertie the Dinosourcartoon animation and showed at theatre.
Celluloid sheets Earl Hurd used the sheets to hold certain elementswhile animating the characters on another layers. Easier to captureonion skinning.
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Keyframe animation
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Celluloid sheets
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TRADITIONAL ANIMATIONCONT
Walt Disney first released a short cartoon film with audio entitledSteamboat Willie. The most popular character are Mickey Mouse,Donald Duck, Goofy and Minnie Mouse.
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TRADITIONAL ANIMATIONCONT
Warner Bros. Studios invented cartoon characters with differentaesthetic look like Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck.
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Present animation Rostrum camera used to shot simple 2D animation. Suitable
use to make collage or cutout. The camera equipped with an adjustable camera mount fixed
to a base board with a lighting source.
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Present animationcont
Software/computers animation used to develop 2D and 3Danimation.
The drawings were scanned or drew into the computer and filledwith digital paint instead of being transferred to cels and then
coloured by hand. With computer animation, many animation techniques rises; 3D CGI
animation, tradigital animation, cel-shaded animation.
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2d and 3d animation
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3D to 2D
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Tradigital and cel-shaded
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Realistic Human Modeling
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Adding Texture and Color
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Final
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Present animationcont
Rotoscoping developed by Max Fleischer. The animation is tracedover the actual film footage of actors and scenery.
From the AVI movies, you can import into a frame stack, digitallydraw or paint each frame.
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Future animation
Computer software like Autodesk MAYAwhich have developed inAvatar where itdesigns the characters and environments,shoot the virtual production elements, andcreate the stunning visuals that appeared
on the screen.
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Future animationcont
Stereoscopic 3-D (S3D) production. S3D is a technique for creating orenhancing the illusion of depth in an image by presenting two offsetimages separately to the left and right eye of theviewer. these 2D offset images are then combined in the brain togive the perception of 3D depth.
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Keyframing
Traditional animation technique
Dependent on artist to generate key frames
Additional, inbetween frames are drawn automatically by computer
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Keyframing
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How are we going to interpolate?
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Keyframe animation
The original way to animate, and still the most commonform for animation
It is the process of generating images between selected
key framesBefore, animation is done by sketching the differentimages on paper
Now done with computers
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Interpolation
Interpolation is the process of computing
intermediate values between known values e.g.between two frames
The in-between frames are interpolated from thekeyframes
Interpolating splines are smooth curves thatinterpolate their control points
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1
2
3Keyframes Animation
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Interpolation
Many parameters can be interpolated to generate animation
Simple interpolation techniques can only generate simpleinbetweens
More complicated inbetweening will require a morecomplicated model of animated object and simulation
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Interpolation
Strengths Animator has exacting control (Woodys face)
Weaknesses
Interpolation hooks must be simple and direct Time consuming and skill intensive
Difficult to reuse and adjust
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Frame-by-Frame Animationcont
Inbetween facial drawings
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Keyframe examples
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2 frames drawn by user
Inbetween frames generated by computer
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Final Animation
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Linear Interpolation
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Simple, but discontinuous velocity
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Nonlinear Interpolation
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Smooth ball trajectory and continuous velocity, but loss of timing
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Easing
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Adjust the timing of the inbetween frames. Can be automated
by adjusting the stepsize of parameter, t.
Ease-OutEase-In
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Style or
Accuracy?
Interpolating timecaptures accuracyof velocity
Squash and stretchreplaces motionblur stimuli andadds life-likeintent
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Traditional
Motivation
Ease-in andease-out is likesquash andstretch
Can weautomate theinbetweens forthese?
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The Illusion of Life, Disney Animation
Thomas and Johnson
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More squash and stretch
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Anticipation
and Staging Dont surprise the
audience
Direct theirattention to whats
important
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staging
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Follow Through
Audience likes to see resolution of action
Discontinuities are unsettling
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Combined
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Secondary Motion
Characters should exist in a real environment Extra movements should not detract
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Motion Capture Animation
Extract data from real-world people acting out ascene
Many techniques for getting the data:Optical take video and extract motion
Magnetic/Radio attach magnets, transponders and use sensors to getlocation
Mechanical methods of extracting motion (for small motions)
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Motion Capture Example
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Examples
Sports video games Madden Football
Many movie characters Phantom Menace
Cartoons
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Motion Capture Strengths
Exactly captures the motions of the actor Michael Jordans video game character will capture his style
Easy to capture data
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Motion Capture Weaknesses
Noise, noise, noise!
Magnetic system inteference
Visual system occlusions
Mechanical system mass
Tethered (wireless is available now)
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Motion Capture Weaknesses
Aligning motion data with CG character Limb lengths
Idealized perfect joints
Reusing motion data Difficult to scale in size (must also scale in time)
Changing one part of motion
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Motion Capture Weaknesses
Blending segments Motion clips are short (due to range and tethers)
Dynamic motion generation requires blending at run time
Difficult to manage smooth transition
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Movies
Animating Aliens
Retargeting Motion
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Examples
Inanimate video game objects GT Racer cars
Soapbox about why this is so cool
Special effects
Explosions, water, secondary motion Phantom Menace CG droids after they were cut in half
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Procedural Animation
Very general term for a technique that puts more complex algorithmsbehind the scenes
Technique attempts to consolidate artistic efforts in algorithms andheuristics
Allows for optimization and physical simulation
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Procedural Animation
Animation is generated by writing a programthat outputs the position/shape/whatever of thescene over time
Generally:
Program some rules for how the system will behaveChoose some initial conditions for the world
Run the program, maybe with user input to guide what happens
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Procedural Animation
Oscillation Inside the Phase of contact
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by Zeeshan Bhatti PhD)
Oscillation Outside the Phase of contact
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Advantage: Once you have the program, youcan get lots of motion
Disadvantage: The animation is generally hard
to control, which makes it hard to tell a storywith purely procedural means
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Procedural Animation Strengths
Animation can be generated on the fly
Dynamic response to user
Write-once, use-often
Algorithms provide accuracy and exhaustive search that animators
cannot
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Procedural Animation Weaknesses
Were not great at boiling human skill down to algorithms How do we move when juggling?
Difficult to generate
Expensive to compute
Difficult to force system to generate a particular solution Bicycles will fall down
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All these animation techniques are great,
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all green box
combined single shots
but when they are most useful is when they
are all used together
http://escience.anu.edu.au/lecture/cg/CGIntroduction/Data/matrix_bullettimewalkthru1.movhttp://escience.anu.edu.au/lecture/cg/CGIntroduction/Data/matrix_bullettimewalkthru2.movhttp://escience.anu.edu.au/lecture/cg/CGIntroduction/Data/matrix_bullettimewalkthru2.movhttp://escience.anu.edu.au/lecture/cg/CGIntroduction/Data/matrix_bullettimewalkthru1.movhttp://escience.anu.edu.au/lecture/cg/CGIntroduction/Data/matrix_bullettimewalkthru1.mov -
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The final scene
Comparison b/w animation techniques
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Technique Control Time to Create Computation Cost
Key-Frame Excellent Poor Low
Motion
Capture
Good at time
of creation,
after that poor
Medium Medium
Procedural PoorPoor to create
programHigh
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Comparison b/w animation techniques
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Questions?
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THANK YOU!