Biology 484 – Ethology Chapter 6 – Behavioral Adaptations for Survival.
Chapter 6 Behavioral adaptation for...
Transcript of Chapter 6 Behavioral adaptation for...
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Chapter 6 Opener: The leafy sea dragon
Chapter 6
Behavioral adaptation for survival
Sea dragon
Survival-enhancing
resemblance to sea
grasses
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6.2 Two black-headed gulls on their nests
Adaption (or an adapted trait)
-A hereditary trait that resulted from the past selection
or ongoing selection
-Not always guarantees the reproductive success
-Determined by the ratio between fitness costs and
benefits (C <B)
-There are “ Constraints” on adaptive perfection
1) Failure of appropriate mutations to occur
2) Pleiotropy: mutation always causes + or - effects
3) Coevolution
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6.2 Two black-headed gulls on their nests
Failure of appropriate mutations to occur
Maladaptive or Nonadaptive behaviors
-Arctic moths live in regions where bats are absence can hear USV
-Arctic ground squirrel respond to snakes (there is no snakes in arctic areas)
-Man-made environment
1) road-killing
2) male frogs or toads attempting mating on the road-killed female
3) Buprestid beetles trying to copulate with beer bottle
4) Sea turtle die from eating plastic bags (=jelly fish)
Why we have some useless behaviors?
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6.2 Two black-headed gulls on their nests
Pleiotropy: mutation always causes + or - effects
Fur increasing mutation
Increase body temperature
Increasing metabolic rate
More explorations to get foods
More visible to predator
More experience of attacks
Less exploratory behaviors
Or foraging at night
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6.2 Two black-headed gulls on their nests
Coevolution:
Contests between the hunters and hunted
The hunters The hunted
Evolve behaviors
to catch preys
Evolve behaviors to
escape from the hunter
Adaption Adaption
Adaption does not reach to stability
There is no perfection!
Interactions and coevolutions
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6.1 Mobbing behavior of colonial, ground-nesting gulls
Threatening vocalizations!!
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6.1 Mobbing behavior of colonial, ground-nesting gulls
Mobbing behaviors toward a fox
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6.2 Two black-headed gulls on their nests
Kruuk‟s Adaptationist approach
on the mobbing behaviors of the black-headed gull
Why they nest together and defense together…
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6.3 Does mobbing protect eggs?
Hen egg experiments: locate eggs at area with different proximity to the nest
And count the number of egg eaten by predator
# attack is proportional to the proximity to the nest
# attack is correlate with the % success of predation
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6.3 Does mobbing protect eggs?
What is the cost of mobbing behaviors?
What is the benefits of mobbing behaviors?
Inside colonyBorderOutside colony
B>CB=CB<C
The cost/benefit assessment
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6.4 Benefit of high nest density for the arctic skua
High density nesting
B > C
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6.3 Does mobbing protect eggs?
How to test the Adaptationist hypothesis?
One way is using the comparative methods
“ The mobbing behavior is an adaptive trait
resulting from the evolution of the black-headed gull
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6.6 Not all gulls nest on the ground
The advantage of cliff-nesting
Turbulent coastal wild prevent
predator’s approaching
Black-headed gulls
Kittiewakes
Kittiewakes
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6.5 Gull phylogeny and two scenarios for the origin of cliff-nesting behavior (Part 1)
Hypothesis 1
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6.5 Gull phylogeny and two scenarios for the origin of cliff-nesting behavior (Part 2)
Hypothesis 2
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6.5 Gull phylogeny and two scenarios for the origin of cliff-nesting behavior (Part 2)
Which one is more plausible?
In terms of ‘Occam’s razor’
The Law of Parsimony or The Law of succinctness
The simpler hypothesis is more stronger
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6.7 The logic of the comparative method
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6.8 Colonial California ground squirrels have evolved mobbing behavior
The cost/benefit assessment in ground squirrels‟
mobbing behaviors
Kicking send in the face of snake
What if the snake is ‘larger’ and ‘warmer’ snakes
Risk increases The mobbing behaviors decrease
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6.9 Evidence for a cost of parental mobbing behavior
As pups are grown, parental mobbing is decreasing
The cost/benefit ratio is precisely assessed
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6.10 The dilution effect in butterfly groups (Part 1)
Gathering behaviors for the „Dilution effect‟
United we stand, divided we fall!!!
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6.10 The dilution effect in butterfly groups (Part 2)
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6.11 The dilution effect in mayflies
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6.12 Fighting back by terns and wasps
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6.13 Communal defense by sawfly larvae
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6.14 A group of sleeping bees
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6.15 Cryptic coloration depends on background selection
camouflage
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6.16 The camouflaged moth, Biston betularia
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6.17 Predation risk and background selection by moths
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6.18 Cryptic coloration and body orientation
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6.19 Does cryptic behavior work?
Similar color reduce 10~ 20% risk of predation
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6.20 The value of a backpack (Part 1)
Assassin bugs like a backpack
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6.20 The value of a backpack (Part 2)
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6.21 Personal hygiene by a skipper butterfly larva may be an antipredator adaptation
Waste pellets odors attacked by wasps
Fecal ball discharging
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6.22 Warning coloration and toxins
Some Darwinian puzzles
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6.23 Effect of monarch butterfly toxins
Taste aversion
Monarch butterfly: warning colorations
Cost: death of individual
Benefit: survival of neighbors
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6.24 Why behave conspicuously?
A Code Breaker
A tephritid fly
A jumping spider
How to test this idea?
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6.24 Why behave conspicuously?
A Code Breaker
Science, 1987
Tephritid fly Normal fly Hybrid wings
Both coloration and movement of wings are relevant for survival
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6.25 An advertisement of unprofitability to deter pursuit?
A „Spotting‟ behavior
Catch me please…
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6.25 An advertisement of unprofitability to deter pursuit?
A „Spotting‟ behavior
The anti-ambush hypothesis
Occurs only in the tall-grass habitats
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6.25 An advertisement of unprofitability to deter pursuit?
A „Spotting‟ behavior
Alarm signal hypothesis A lion is approaching!
Social cohesion hypothesis Let’ make a group and flee!
Confusion effect hypothesis
Causes confusion to predator
Pursuit deterrence hypothesisCome on…I am so healthy like this!
you may be difficult to catch me!
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Alarm signal hypothesis A lion is approaching!
Social cohesion hypothesis Let’ make a group and flee!
Confusion effect hypothesis Causes confusion to predator
Pursuit deterrence hypothesis Come on…you may be difficult to catch me!
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6.26 Cheetahs abandon hunts more often when gazelles stot
When gazelle stots, abandon rate increases!
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6.27 Are pushup displays an honest signal of a lizard’s physiological condition?
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6.27 Are pushup displays an honest signal of a lizard’s physiological condition?
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6.27 Are pushup displays an honest signal of a lizard’s physiological condition?
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6.27 Are pushup displays an honest signal of a lizard’s physiological condition?
Bluffing behaviors
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6.28 The lizard Cnemidophorus murinus often waves a forearm at humans that disturb it
A Salutation?
This is a pursuit deterrence signals
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6.29 Fear screams and age in four European songbirds
Fear scream of captured animals
1) Non-adaptive…just from pain
2) An adaptive trait to make a predator startle which may
cause to release the captured prey
3) Warning conspecifics of danger from the predator
4) SOS to parents (baby > adults)
5) Attraction of other predator to induce competition
Birds living with dense cover should generate
more louder scream than birds of open
habitats
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6.29 Fear screams and age in four European songbirds
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6.30 An optimality model
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6.31 Optimal covey size for northern bobwhite quail (Part 1)
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6.31 Optimal covey size for northern bobwhite quail (Part 2)
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6.31 Optimal covey size for northern bobwhite quail (Part 3)
Individuals behave toward the maximization of averaged net benefits
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Game theory applied to social defense
Game theory economists share 2005 Nobel prizeIsraeli-American and American win for work on political, economic conflict
Robert J. Aumann, left, and Thomas C.
Schelling won this year's Noel memorial
prize in economic sciences for work they
did separately on game theory, which can
help resolve conflicts.
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6.32 Selfish herds may evolve in prey species
Adelie penguins wait on ice for sometime until a group assembles
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6.33 A game theoretical model
P: The fitness pay off for solitary living
B: Benefit by hiding behind neighbors
C: Cost to get the benefits
An averaged value does not explain the adaptation
but individual strategy determine it
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Selfish herd
How about human society?
Explain based on
The optimality theory vs. The game theory
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Summary of hypothesis
Behavioral adaption for survival
1) The adaptationist approach (B-C>0)
2) The optimality theory
3) The game theory
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Summary of hypothesis
Midterm exam.
-16th March 10:30 am
-How to prepare?1) Read the chapter summary first
2) Check-out major concepts
3) Solve the discussion questions