Chapter 6

Chapter 6 Religion

Key Issue 1Where are Religions Distributed?

Two types of religionsUniversalizing Religion: attempt to be global, appeal to all people, no matter where they live, 62% of worldEthnic Religion: appeals primarily to one group living in one place, 24% of worldChristianity, Islam, and BuddhismThree main universalizing religionsEach is divided into branchesBranches can be divided into denominationsSects are small groups broken away from a denominationChristianityMore than 2 billion adherents, more than any other world religionMost widespread distributionPredominant religion in North America, South America, Europe and AustraliaAlso, some countries in Africa & Asia are predominately ChristianBranches of ChristianityThree Major BranchesRoman Catholic: 52% of worlds ChristiansProtestant: 21%Eastern Orthodox: 10%22% do not fall under the 3 major branches5% unaffiliated with any church, but are Christian

Christianity in Europe

Christianity in EuropeRoman CatholicismDominant Christian Branch in Southwest and EastProtestantism NorthwestEastern OrthodoxEast and southeast

EuropeRegions of Roman Catholic and Protestant majoritiesSharp boundaries, either by country or a dividing line within the countryEastern Orthodox Collection of 14 self-governing churches in Eastern Europe & Middle EastChristianity came to Russia in 10th CenturyRussian Orthodox Church: 16th CenturyRomanian Orthodox Church: 20% of all Eastern Orthodox ChristiansChristianity in Western Hemisphere90% of people in Western Hemisphere are Christian5%: other religion6%: no religionRoman Catholics: 93% of Christians in Latin America29% in North America: Clustered in Southwestern & Northeastern United States & Quebec in CanadaChristianity in Western HemisphereUnited StatesProtestants: 28% of US populationBaptists: southeast (most popular of Prot)Lutherans: upper MidwestMormon:Methodists

Clusters in US

Smaller Branches of ChristanitySome developed independently from three main branchesIsolation during development of Christianity1) Coptic Church: Egypt2) Ethiopian Church (split from Egyptian Coptic Church, 1948)Both trace roots to 4th centuryTwo shipwrecked Christians, taken as slaves, converted Ethiopian king to ChristianitySmaller branches of ChristianityArmenian Church (Syria) Diffused Christianity to South and East Asia, 7th-13th CenturiesSmaller following, but plays a significant role in regional conflictsArmenian Christians vs Shiite Muslim in AzerbaijanNY Times Article

Smaller Branches of ChristianityUnited StatesChurch of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons), 3% of USConsider their church to be separate from other branchesLarge clustering in Utah and surrounding areas

Facts about Mormonsreligionfacts.comActive full-time volunteer missionaries Belief in modern prophets, beginning with Joseph Smith, Jr., and continuing today with Gordon B. Hinckley Acceptance of the Bible, the Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Covenants, and The Pearl of Great Price as works of scripture A dietary code called the Word of Wisdom, currently requiring abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, coffee, tea, and illegal drugs; caffeinated soft drinks are left to individual discretion. Belief in God the Father, the Son (Christ), and the Holy Ghost existing as three separate individual beings or personages Belief in a form of theosis called exaltation or eternal progression Formerly practicing polygamy (plural marriage) Wearing ceremonial temple garments under their daily clothes Performing baptisms for the dead, and other ordinances by proxy, in temples and doing attendant genealogical research.

IslamPredominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central AsiaHalf of worlds Muslims lives outside Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and IndiaIslam in Arabic means submission to the will of GodMuslims are ones who surrender to God in ArabicIslam 5 Pillars1. There is no god worth of worship except the one God, the source of all creation, and Muhammad is the messenger of God2. Five times daily, a Muslim prays, facing the citty of Mecca, as a direct link to God3. A Muslim gives generously to charity, as an act of purification and growth4. A Muslim fasts during the month of Ramadan, as an act of self-purificationIf physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to MakkahBranches of IslamTwo important branches: Sunni & ShiiteSunnis: 83% of Muslims, largest branch in most Muslim countries in the Middle East Shiites: 16% of Muslims, clustered. 30% of all Shiites live in Iran, 15% in Pakistan, 10% in Iraq. 90% of population in Azerbaijan, Iraq, Oman, BahrainIslam in North America and EuropeIncreasing rapidly in recent yearsEurope: 5% MuslimsFrance has largest Muslim population, 4 million, migration from North AfricaGermany: 3 million, migration from TurkeySoutheast Europe (Albania, Bosnia, Serbia) 2 million Muslims

United States & CanadaToday: Home to 5 million Muslims1990: only a few hundred thousandNation of Islam: Black Muslims, founded in Detroit 1930Elijah Muhammad messenger of AllahTension between Malcolm X & Muhammad led to divided sects, 1960sBuddhismThird of worlds major universalizing religions400 million adherentsMostly in China & Southeast AsiaRepresented by the Four Noble TruthsSomeone can be Buddhist AND a believer in other Eastern religions

Four Noble Truths1. All living beings must endure suffering2. Suffering, which is caused by a desire to live, leads to reincarnation3. The goal of all existences is to escpae from suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation into Nirvana, which is achieved through mental and moral self-purification4. Nirvana is attained though an Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought and meditationBuddhismSplit into more than one branchFollowers disagreed on interpretationMain branches: Mahayana 56% of Buddhists, China Japan KoreaTheravada 38% of Buddhists Cambodia Laos Myanmar Sri Lanka and ThailandTantrayana 6% Tibet and Mongolia

Other Universalizing ReligionsSikhism, 25 million, Punjab region of IndiaBahais, 8 million, dispersed mostly in Africa & Asia SikhismFirst Guru (religious teacher / enlightener): Nanak (1469-1538) in Punjab region (Pakistan)Believe in a formless God with many namesMeditationPray many times a dayProhibited from worshipping idols or iconsBelieve in Karma, Reincarnation but reject Caste SystemEveryone is equal in Gods eyesMen wear turbans and never cut beards or hair

Bahai ReligionArose from Islam in 1800s, IranPromote gender and race equalityFreedom of expression & assemblyWorld peace & world governmentEvery person has an immortal soul which cant die, but is free to travel through the sprit world after deathEthnic ReligionsHinduism, 3rd largest world religion97% of Hindus are in IndiaMost of the remaining 3% are in NepalIndividuals chose best way to worship GodIndividual pursuits to reach GodHinduismAverage Hindu has allegiance to a particular GodVishnu and Siva are most commonPurpose of life is to rejoin with GodSamsara: Cycles of Birth, Life, and DeathKarma: progress toward enlightenmentCaste System

Other Ethnic ReligionsEast Asia: China & JapanMany Chinese consider themselves Buddhists and either Confucian, Daoism or some other Chinese ethnic religionConfucianismConfucius, philosopher & teacherTaught correct behaviorEthnic religion because is traditional values are especially important in Chinese culturePrescribed a series of ethical principles:Fulfilling obligationsTreating others with sympathy and respectFollowing traditionsDaoism (Taoism)Founded by Lao-Tse, a contemporary of ConfuciusDaoists seek the path or wayFind balance of life, Yin and YangMyths and legends develop to explain not knowable events

ShintoismEthnic religion of JapanForces of nature are divine: sun, moon, mountains, rivers, etcBecame official state religion under Emperor Meiji (1868-1912)After WWII, Allies ordered Japan to renounce empire as being divineStill exists in Japan, but no longer the official state religion

Judaism6 million Jews live in US5 million in Israel2 million in Europe and 1 million in Asia

Heavily concentrated in large US citiesNew York of Jewish populationMajority in Israel, First state with Jewish majority since biblical era

JudaismChristianity and Islam find roots in JudaismJesus was born a JewMuhammad traced his ancestry to AbrahamEthnic religion, based in lands bordering eastern end of Mediterranean SeaFirst religion to support monotheism: One GodBelieve the Messiah will return , Jews will gather in Israel, resurrection of the dead, 1st Temple will be rebuilt

Ethnic African Religions100 million Africans follow traditional ethnic religions: animismBelieve inanimate ojsects are animated have spirtis and conscious lifeFew holy books have been writtenRituals are passed down by generationMonotheistic concepts, but hierarchy of divinitiesNumbers are declining bc Islam & ChristianityMajority exists in BotswanaHalf of population in Angola, Congo, Madagascar, and more

A large and fundamental division within a religion is a A) branchB) denominationC) sectD) dialectE) familyA large and fundamental division within a religion is a A) branchB) denominationC) sectD) dialectE) familyA relatively small group that has broken away from an established church is a A) branchB) denominationC) sectD) dialectE) familyA relatively small group that has broken away from an established church is a A) branchB) denominationC) sectD) dialectE) familyA universalizing religionA) is based on the physical characteristics of a particular location on EarthB) appeals to people living in a wide variety of locationsC) is rarely transmitted through missionariesD) has celebrations based on seasonal changesE) is less likely to be used as a reason for violence than ethnic religionsA universalizing religionA) is based on the physical characteristics of a particular location on EarthB) appeals to people living in a wide variety of locationsC) is rarely transmitted through missionariesD) has celebrations based on seasonal changesE) is less likely to be used as a reason for violence than ethnic religionsThe worlds largest universalizing religion isA) BuddhismB) Christianity C) HinduismD) IslamE) ShintoismThe worlds largest universalizing religion isA) BuddhismB) Christianity C) HinduismD) IslamE) ShintoismThe worlds largest ethnic religion isA) ConfucianismB) DaoismC) HinduismD) ShintoismE) IslamThe worlds largest ethnic religion isA) ConfucianismB) DaoismC) HinduismD) ShintoismE) IslamWhich is a branch of ChristianityA) DruzeB) Eastern OrthodoxC) ShiiteD) TheravadistE) JudaismWhich is a branch of ChristianityA) DruzeB) Eastern OrthodoxC) ShiiteD) TheravadistE) JudaismWhich of the following is NOT a universalizing religion?A) BuddhismB) SikhismC) IslamD) JudaismE) ChristianityWhich of the following is NOT a universalizing religion?A) BuddhismB) SikhismC) IslamD) JudaismE) ChristianityRoman Catholics are clustered in the US southwest primarily because of migration ofA) Roman Catholics from Latin AmericaB) Roman Catholics from the northeast United StatesC) Roman Catholics from IrelandD) Protestants to the northE) Protestants to the eastRoman Catholics are clustered in the US southwest primarily because of migration ofA) Roman Catholics from Latin AmericaB) Roman Catholics from the northeast United StatesC) Roman Catholics from IrelandD) Protestants to the northE) Protestants to the eastMuslims are clustered inA) Sub-Saharan AfricaB) South AmericaC) Eastern EuropeD) East AsiaE) the Middle EastMuslims are clustered inA) Sub-Saharan AfricaB) South AmericaC) Eastern EuropeD) East AsiaE) the Middle EastLutheranism is an example of a ChristianA) branchB) denominationC) religionD) sectE) familyLutheranism is an example of a ChristianA) branchB) denominationC) religionD) sectE) familyEastern Orthodoxy is an example of a ChristianA) branchB) denominationC) religionD) sectE) familyEastern Orthodoxy is an example of a ChristianA) branchB) denominationC) religionD) sectE) familyThe dominant branch of Islam isA) DruzeB) Eastern OrthodoxyC) SikhD) SunniE) ShiiteThe dominant branch of Islam isA) DruzeB) Eastern OrthodoxyC) SikhD) SunniE) ShiiteThe belief in the existence of only one god is A) animismB) cosmogonyC) monotheismD) polytheismE) paganThe belief in the existence of only one god is A) animismB) cosmogonyC) monotheismD) polytheismE) paganAnimists believe thatA) people should complete Gods creation of the EarthB) inanimate objects and natural events have spiritsC)people should make complete use of the Earths resourcesD) natural disasters are preventableE) enlightenment can be achieved by all peopleAnimists believe thatA) people should complete Gods creation of the EarthB) inanimate objects and natural events have spiritsC)people should make complete use of the Earths resourcesD) natural disasters are preventableE) enlightenment can be achieved by all peopleAdherents of which religion are also likely to believe in other religions simultaneously?A) JudaismB) ChristianityC) HinduismD) IslamE) BuddhismAdherents of which religion are also likely to believe in other religions simultaneously?A) JudaismB) ChristianityC) HinduismD) IslamE) Buddhism