Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how...
-
Upload
wilfrid-park -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
1
Transcript of Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how...
![Page 1: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 53- AP Biology
![Page 2: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The study of populations in relation to their environment
Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size and age structure of populations
What is a population?
![Page 3: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Density: number of individuals per unit area or volume Ex: number of oak trees per square kilometer in the Minnesota country
Dispersion: Random Clumped- most common pattern of dispersion (plants, fungi) Uniform – often seen with territoriality
![Page 4: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5 moose in a township (24,000 square miles)
10,000 Oak trees in 25 square miles
![Page 6: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Demography: study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time Life Tables (Usually follow certain “cohorts”): death rate, birthrate, etc. Survivorship curves Reproductive Rates
![Page 7: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Type I: few offspring but provided with good care; low infant death rate
Type II: Intermediate; death rate remains constant over time
Type III: many offspring with a high infant mortality; fish, oysters, etc.
![Page 9: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Natural selection favors traits that improve an organism’s chances of survival and reproductive success.
“Life history traits are evolutionary outcomes reflected in their development, physiology, and behavior” Semelparity: “beget once,” organism produces once in its lifetime (salmon,
agave) Iteroparity: “repeted,” reproducing many times in a lifetime (humans, dogs)
Two critical factors Survival rate of the offspring Likelihood that the adult will survive to reproduce once again
![Page 11: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Population Births Deaths
during a = and - and
time interval immigrants emigrants
simplified: Δ N/ Δ t = B-D
![Page 12: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
“Average births or deaths per unit of time in average population”
Example: 34 births per year in a population of 1,000 (or 34/1,000)
annual per capita birth rate b = .034
50 deaths per year in a population of 1,000
annual per capita death rate d = .05
In the equation Δ N/ Δ t = B-D
B = bN and D = dN
![Page 13: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
r = b – d
if (r > 0 ), then population is growing
if (r < 0 ), then population is declining
Zero growth population (ZGP) is when r = 0
![Page 14: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ΔN/ Δ t = rN
![Page 15: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Under “perfect conditions,” with abundant resources, a population will grow “without limit”
ΔN/ Δ t = rmaxN Result is a “J” curve
Greater ( r) means faster growth
![Page 16: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Grew exponentially for 60 years when they were first protected from hunting
![Page 17: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
In 2006, the United States had a population of about 300 million people. If there were 14 births and 8 deaths per 1,000 people, what was the country’s net population growth that year (ignoring immigration and emigration)?
![Page 18: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
In 2006, the United States had a population of about 300 million people. If there were 14 births and 8 deaths per 1,000 people, what was the country’s net population growth that year (ignoring immigration and emigration)?
14/1000 = .014 = annual per capita birth rate b 8/1000 = .008 = annual per capita death rate d b – d = .006 annual per capita growth rate .006 x 300 million = 1,800,000 net growth in 1 year
![Page 19: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Carrying Capacity (k): the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain Varies over time Depends on limiting factors Result = change in r
Logistic growth: per capita rate of increase (r ) approaches zero as carrying capacity (k) is reached
![Page 20: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
“as N increases, r decreases”
![Page 21: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
k-selection: density-dependent selection, select for traits that are sensitive to population density; (when organisms are near carrying capacity).
r-selection: density-independent selection, select traits that maximize reproductive success at LOW densities
![Page 23: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
When a farmer abandons his field, it is quickly colonized by rapidly-growing weeds. Is this a k-selected or r-selected species?
![Page 24: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Density-dependent: trait or growth rate that is affected by population densityEx: death rate may rise due to overpopulation
Density-independent: trait or growth rate that is NOT affected by population densityEx: death rate may rise due to forest fires
![Page 25: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CompetitionTerritorialityDiseasePredationToxic wastesIntrinsic factors (stress hormones)
![Page 26: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in the size of populations
![Page 27: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ZGP (Stable population)High birth rate – high death rate ORLow birth rate – low death rate
Demographic transition = movement towards low birth rate and low death rateSanitationBetter Health CareImproved Education access
![Page 29: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Relative number of individuals of each age group in a population
![Page 30: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Estimated at 7.8 – 10.8 billion
Ecological footprint: sum of aggregate land and water area required by each person, city, or nation to produce all the resources it consumes and absorb all the waste it generates.
![Page 32: Chapter 53- AP Biology. The study of populations in relation to their environment Explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062807/56649d315503460f94a09a1c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Find the density and dispersion of a given species
Interpret life tables, survivorship curves, and age structure tables
Identify and describe “r” strategists and “k” strategists
Interpret logistic and exponential population growth models
Identify and describe density-dependent and density-independent factors