Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.
-
Upload
chad-pitts -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
2
Transcript of Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.
![Page 1: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 50 Notes
An Introduction to Ecology and the
Biosphere
![Page 2: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Scope of Ecology
The interactions between organisms and their environments determine the distribution and abundance of organisms- Why are there no malaria-carrying mosquitoes in Minnesota?- Why are there so many deer in Ohio?
![Page 3: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Scope of Ecology
What factors limit the geographic range, or distribution, of a species?
What factors determine the abundance of a species?
The environment of any organism will include both biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components.
![Page 4: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Scope of Ecology
Ecology can be divided into four increasingly comprehensive levels of study
Organismal ecology: concerned with the morphological, physiological, and behavioral ways in which organisms meet the challenges of biotic and abiotic environments
![Page 5: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Scope of Ecology
Population ecology: concentrates on factors that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area
Community ecology: deals with interacting species in a community
![Page 6: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Scope of Ecology
Ecosystem ecology: emphasis is on energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among biotic and abiotic components
Biosphere: the global ecosystem; the sum of all the earth’s ecosystem
![Page 7: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Darwin and Wallace began to recognize broad patterns of geographic distribution
Biogeography: the study of the past and present distribution of individual species
![Page 8: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
![Page 9: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Species dispersal contributes to the distribution of organisms
ex. Why are there no Kangaroos in North America?- one way to determine if dispersal is a key factor limiting distribution is by observing when humans have transplanted a species
![Page 10: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
- if a transplant is successful, then the potential range is larger than its actual range- if a transplant is unsuccessful, meaning it is unable to survive and reproduce, then we need to determine if biotic or abiotic factors exclude it from this area
![Page 11: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
![Page 12: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Problems with introduced Speciesex. African Honeybee
- the African honeybee was brought to Brazil in 1956 to produce more honey in the tropics. - many escaped in 1957 and have been traveling about 110 km per year ever since.
![Page 13: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
- beekeepers are worried that the African bee will damage the established honeybee industry- will the colder Northern winters prevent them from moving north?
![Page 14: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
![Page 15: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Abiotic factors affect the distribution of organisms
Temperature- affects biological processes- most organisms are not able to regulate internal body temps.
![Page 16: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Water- availability affects the location of organisms- aquatic life must balance water levels
Sunlight- provides the energy that drive most ecosystems - distribution on land and in the water
![Page 17: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Wind- amplifies the affects of environmental temperatures on organisms- contributes to water loss
Rocks and soil- physical structures, pH, and mineral composition of rocks limit the distribution of plants and animals
![Page 18: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Temperature and water are the major climatic factors determining the distribution of organisms
Climate: the prevailing weather conditions at a locality
Biomes: major types of ecosystems that occupy broad geographic regions
![Page 19: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
- rainfall and temperature are reasonable means that correlate with biomes- climographs are used to measure these factors
![Page 20: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
![Page 21: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Global Climate Patterns- the suns affect on the atmosphere, land, and water establish temperature variations- the tilting of the earth on its axis causes seasonal variation in the intensity of solar radiation
![Page 22: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Tropics: regions between 23.5o north latitude and 23.5o south latitude- receive the least seasonal change- intense solar radiation initiates global circulation of air, which creates precipitation and winds
![Page 23: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
![Page 24: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Local and seasonal effects on climate- the proximity to water and topographic features such as mountain ranges create climate patchiness- ocean currents influence the climate along the coasts of continents- seasonal changes in wind patterns produce variations in ocean currents
![Page 25: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
- with seasonal changes, turnover will occur in lakes and ponds- turnover: brings oxygenated water from the surface of lakes to the bottom and nutrient-rich water from the bottom of lakes to the surface- microclimate: climate on a very fine scale
![Page 26: Chapter 50 Notes An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649dca5503460f94ac0cd0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms