Chapter 5 The Cultures of Colonial North America.
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Transcript of Chapter 5 The Cultures of Colonial North America.
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Chapter 5 Chapter 5
The Cultures of Colonial North The Cultures of Colonial North America America
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Indian AmericaIndian America
• Iroquois Five Nations– Battled against French & their allies in King
William’s War– 1701 – treaty of neutrality with France– Many Iroquois became Catholic
• Growth of English Colonies– Stress on Indian Tribes
• Loss of land• Death from European diseases
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• Colonization also led to the use of horses by the Indians– More efficient Buffalo hunts– Nomadic culture– Migration to the Great Plains
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Spanish BorderlandsSpanish Borderlands
• Northern provinces– Florida, Texas, New Mexico, California– Florida – Spanish made peace with Creek &
Seminole Indians– Relationship with African American runaways
• New Mexico– Little populated but rich in resources– Slow expansion
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• Texas– Franciscan Missions– Presidios– San Antonio
• Arizona– Tucson
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• California– Coastal Settlements
• Junipero Serra (Franciscan Missionary)– San Diego- 1769
• 1770 – Serra & Portola established headquarters at Monterey Bay
• 1776 – de Anza – founded San Francisco• 1781 – group of Mestizo settlers founded Los
Angeles– By 1799 – 300 inhabitants – largest California town
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• Mission System– Convert Indians to Catholics and loyal citizens
• Raise cattle & grow crops
– Indians built adobe & stone churches• Spanish & Moorish patterns
– Franciscan methods were brutal & cruel• Revolts• Indians fleeing to the mountains• Disease killed 25% of Indian Population
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French CrescentFrench Crescent• 1674 – Bishopric of Quebec
– Strong Catholic culture in New France
• French colonists grew from 15, 000 in 1700 to 70, 000 by 1750
• Crescent of Colonies, military posts, & settlements– Trade Network & Indian Alliances– St. Lawrence River – Great Lakes –
Mississippi River – Gulf of Mexico
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• France planned a great continental empire that would contain the British to the Atlantic coastline
• Farming communities– Montreal, Quebec City, wheat in Illinois, Sugar
plantations in New Orleans
• Long lots– Good land and access to waterways
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• Culture was a combination of French & Indian– Metis – French word for Mestizo – Indian family structure– Clothing was mixture – Architecture was also a mixture
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New EnglandNew England
• Puritan Congregations in New England except Rhode Island– exiled dissenters like Roger Williams & Anne
Hutchinson– Banned Anglicans & Baptists– Persecuted Quakers
• Local Communities – Considerable Autonomy– Bound by Puritan Faith & General Court
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• Roger Williams – The Bloody Tenet of Persecution – 1644– “forced worship stinks in God’s nostrils”
• Toleration Act – 1689– John Locke – Letter of Tolerance – 1688
• Taxes supported the church until 1833• Town & Church Government flourished in
New England– “hiving off”
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Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies• New York
– Most diverse – mosaic of ethnic communities– Tolerance of worship– Rich landowners – rent lands to settlers
• Pennsylvania– Sold land at a modest price– Philadelphia area fasting growing region
during the eighteenth century– Great farmland
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• Quakers– Invited all forms of religion– Welcomed immigration– Pioneers in women’s rights
• PA emphasized individual settlement – Basic model for American Expansion
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BackcountryBackcountry
• Early pioneers– PA & VA backcountry in 1720’s– New world farming & woodland hunting– Log Cabins – Scandinavian Immigrants– Many came from Ireland and Northern
England– Clan violence
– Disdain for Rank
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The SouthThe South
• 1750 – 40% of the South made up of slaves• Commercial crops
– Rice, tobacco, sugar
• Rice farming – rich owners – overhead• Plantations
– “big house”– “quarters” – slave shacks– More common in deep South
• tobacco could be grown in small plots
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Traditional Culture in the New Traditional Culture in the New WorldWorld
• Most colonists lived similar to the European countries from which they came
• Greater good of the community
• Most farmers grew food for their own good– Non-commercial
• Colonial cities– Craftsman & artisans
• Apprentice, journeymen, master
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Frontier HeritageFrontier Heritage
• “Free Land”– little incentive to work for wages
• Forced Labor– Slaves
• Indian• African
– Indentured Servants• “freedom dues”• Expectation of Land – more land taken from
Indians
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Population GrowthPopulation Growth
• 1700 – 290, 000 – colonists north of Mexico
• 1750 – 1.3 million• High fertility• Low Mortality• Immigration
– English – massive – encouraged by the Government
– France & Spain – restricted
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Social classSocial class
• New Spain – Racial– Espanoles – gente de razon– Castas – mixed race – Texas & California– Indians
• British Colonies– Celebrated social mobility– 40% - slaves, bound servants, poor laboring families– Strength of Middle class
• 70% of whites
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Economic GrowthEconomic Growth
• 1700 – 1799 - British colonies grew economically– New France & New Spain – stagnated
• Better standard of living in British colonies than in Europe
• Increased population – land became more scarce– “strolling poor”
• Growth of Port Towns
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Contrasts in Colonial PoliticsContrasts in Colonial Politics
• Spanish & French – highly centralized govt.
• British – decentralized govt.– Happy colonists – productive colonists– Royal appointed governors– Local Assemblies – Property Owners = voters
• Increased power of colonial assemblies
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EnlightenmentEnlightenment
• Emphasized rationality, harmony, & order
• Colleges– Harvard – 1636– William & Mary – 1693– Yale – 1701
• Almanacs
• Novels
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Decline in Religious DevotionDecline in Religious Devotion
• Anglician Church – weak in the colonies
• Puritan – Conflict about conversion– Halfway Covenant
• Arminianism– Contrary to Calvinism – earn way to heaven
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Great AwakeningGreat Awakening
• Religious Revival– Charismatic preachers
• Old Light
• New Light
• William Tennent – Log College
• Increase in Male involvement