Chapter 5 States of Consciousness
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Transcript of Chapter 5 States of Consciousness
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 5States of Consciousness
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Preview
Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Psychoactive Drugs Hypnosis Meditation
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Nature of Consciousness
What is consciousness?…awareness of external events and internal sensations
which occurs under conditions of arousal
Awareness prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and association areas global brain workspace
Arousal reticular activating system ways that awareness is regulated: alert v. relaxed/drowsy
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Levels of Awareness
Higher-Level Consciousness
controlled processing
actively focus efforts toward a goal
requires attention
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Levels of Awareness
Lower-Level Consciousness
Automatic processes require little attention/conscious effort
do not interfere with other ongoing activities
Daydreaming wandering thoughts fantasy, imagination, rumination potentially useful (reminding, solving)
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Levels of Awareness
Altered States of Consciousness
drug states fatigue, illness, trauma, deprivation meditation, hypnosis mental disorders
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Levels of Awareness
Subconscious Awareness incubation parallel processing
Sleep and Dreams low levels of consciousness of outside world
No Awareness unconscious (censored) thought--Freud non-conscious processes
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind – knowledge that people think and have private experiences
False Belief Task – social competence
Theory of Mind Module – TOMM
Individuals with autism – lack TOMM
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Biological Rhythms
Periodic Physiological Fluctuations
controlled by biological clocks
annual or seasonal
24-hour cycles – circadian rhythms monitored by suprachlasmatic nucleus
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Biological Clocks
Desynchronizing the Clock jet lag shift-work problems insomnia
Resetting the Clock bright light melatonin
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Why Do We Need Sleep?
Adaptive Evolutionary Function safety energy conservation/ efficiency
Restorative Function body rejuvenation & growth
Brain Plasticity enhances synaptic connections memory consolidation
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sleep Deprivation
Chronic sleep deprivation results in… decreased alertness and cognitive performance inability to sustain attention less complex brain activity adverse effects on decision making
Why are Americans sleep deprived?
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Stages of Sleep
EEG measures electrical activity in the brain – identifies stages of wakefulness and sleep.
Wakefulness beta waves (alert)
high frequency and low amplitude desynchronous
alpha waves (relaxed) increase in amplitude synchronous
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sleep Stages - EEG Patterns
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Light Sleep: Stages 1-2
Stage 1 theta waves slower frequency and greater amplitude
Stage 2 theta waves sudden increase in wave frequency sleep spindles
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Deep Sleep: Stages 3-4
Stage 3 < 50% delta waves slowest frequency and highest amplitude
Stage 4 > 50% delta waves difficult to wake sleepers
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
REM Sleep
Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep rapid eye movement dreaming
Non-REM Sleep (Stages 1-4 ) lack of rapid eye movement little dreaming
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sleep Cycles
90-100 minutes per cycle
sleep patterns change during the night
typical night includes60% - Stages 1 & 2 sleep
20% - Stages 3 & 4 sleep
20% - REM sleep
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sleep Cycles
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sleep Across the Life Span
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Sleep and the Brain
Reticular Formation critical role in sleep and arousal
Neurotransmitters (NT) serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine levels vary across sleep stages
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sleep and Disease
stroke and asthma attacks more common at night
infectious diseases induce sleep
sleep problems common in those with mental disorders
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sleep Disorders
insomnia sleep walking, talking, and eating nightmares and night terrors narcolepsy sleep apnea
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Theories of Dreaming
Historical and Religious Significance
Freud’s Psychodynamic Approach manifest and latent content
Cognitive Theory information processing and memory
Activation-Synthesis Theory brain makes “sense” out of random brain activity
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Psychoactive Drugs
Act on nervous system to: alter consciousness modify perceptions change moods
Why do people take drugs?
What are the trends in adolescent use?
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Psychoactive Drugs:Effects on Users
unsafe sexual behavior (STDs, pregnancy)
direct and indirect health effects
school, work, and relationship problems
psychological problems (depression)
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Psychoactive Drugs
Continued use can lead to…
tolerance
addiction- physical dependence and unpleasant withdrawal
- psychological dependence
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Drugs and the Brain
How does the brain become addicted?
dopamine levels Reward Pathway
ventral tegmental area (VTA) nucleus accumbens (NAC) prefrontal cortex
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Reward Pathway for Psychoactive Drugs
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Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants
Drugs that slow down mental and
physical activity:
alcohol barbiturates tranquilizers opiates
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Depressants
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants
Drugs that increase CNS activity:
caffeine nicotine amphetamines cocaine MDMA (Ecstasy)
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Stimulants
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens
Drugs that modify perceptual
experiences:
marijuana LSD
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hallucinogens
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Critical Controversy
Should illicit psychoactive drugs be legalized for medicinal use?
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hypnosis
Hypnosis is marked by…
altered attention and expectation
unusual receptiveness to suggestions
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hypnosis
Four Steps in Hypnosis1. distractions are minimized
2. told to concentrate on something specific
3. told what to expect
4. certain obvious events/feelings are suggested
There are individual variations in ability to be hypnotized.
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Explaining Hypnosis
Divided State of Consciousness obedient to hypnotist hidden observer
Social Cognitive Behavior normal conscious state social expectations for how to act hypnotized
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Uses of Hypnosis
Hypnosis is used to…
treat various health issues (e.g., alcoholism, smoking)
reduce experience of pain
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Meditation
Meditation is a peaceful state of mind,
not occupied by worry.
Mindfulness meditation is used to treat a
variety of conditions (e.g., depression,
chronic pain).
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Summary
Discuss the nature of consciousness.
Explain the nature of sleep and dreams.
Describe psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Describe hypnosis and its uses.
Discuss the benefits of meditation.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Summary
Consciousness: Levels of Awareness higher-level, lower-level altered states subconscious, unconscious
Sleep and Dreams explanations of sleep and dreams sleep stages and cycles sleep disorders
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Summary
Psychoactive Drugs tolerance, dependence, and addiction depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens
Hypnosis theories and application of hypnosis
Meditation mindfulness meditation